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Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region (حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي – قطر سوريا)
Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region (حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي – قطر سوريا): Syrian branch of the pan-Arab Ba'ath movement founded by Aflaq and Bitar in 1947, ruling Syria from the 1963 coup until its dissolution in January 2025 after Assad's fall.
Arab Spring (الربيع العربي)
The Arab Spring, also known as the Arab uprisings, was a wave of protests that began in Tunisia in December 2010, toppling rulers in Tunisia, Egypt, and Libya.
Arab States Broadcasting Union (اتحاد إذاعات الدول العربية)
The Arab States Broadcasting Union (ASBU) is a pan-Arab organization, founded in Khartoum in 1969 and headquartered in Tunis, that coordinates Arab radio and television broadcasters.
Arab tribal revolts against the Almohads
The Arab tribal revolts against the Almohads (ثورة العرب ضد الموحدين) were uprisings by Arab tribes of Ifriqiya, allied with the Banu Ghaniya, against Almohad rule from 1184 to the 1230s.
Arab Winter
Arab Winter: term for the authoritarian resurgence, civil wars, and Islamist extremism that followed the 2010-11 Arab Spring uprisings; counterrevolution in Egypt and Bahrain, civil war in Libya, Syria, and Yemen, transition mainly in Tunisia.
Arab-Ottoman Brotherhood Society
The Arab-Ottoman Brotherhood Society (جمعية الإخاء العربي العثماني) was an association of Arab notables and officials in Istanbul, founded in August 1908 after the Young Turk revolution and dissolved in 1909.
Arab-Swahili conquest of Manyema
The Arab-Swahili conquest of Manyema was the nineteenth-century takeover of the Manyema region, now in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, by traders from Zanzibar.
Arab–Byzantine wars
The Arab–Byzantine wars, also known as the Roman–Arab wars, were fought between the Byzantine Empire and Arab caliphates from the 630s to the tenth century.
Arab–Israeli conflict
Arab–Israeli conflict: the dispute between Israel and Arab states, rooted in the Jewish-Arab contest over Palestine, marked by the 1948, 1956, 1967, and 1973 wars, the Egypt and Jordan peace treaties, the Oslo process, and the 2023–2025 Gaza war.
Arabella Churchill (charity founder)
Arabella Spencer Churchill (1949-2007), granddaughter of Sir Winston Churchill, co-founded the Glastonbury Festival and founded the children's charity Children's World in 1981; distinct from the 17th-century Arabella Churchill, mistress of James II.
Arabic
Arabic (العربية), a Middle Eastern and North African language, is one of six official UN languages (since 1973) and is defined by diglossia: the uniform Modern Standard Arabic of writing and formal use versus regional spoken dialects with varying mutual intelligibility.
Arabic alphabet (الأبجدية العربية)
The Arabic alphabet (الأبجدية العربية) is a 28-letter right-to-left abjad descended from the Nabataean script, standardized through Qur'anic transmission and extended to Persian, Urdu, and other languages.
Arabic chat alphabet
Arabic chat alphabet, also called Arabizi (عربيزي) or Franco-Arabic, is informal Arabic written in Latin script with numerals (2, 3, 5, 7, 9) for Arabic-only sounds; it emerged in the 1990s for texting, has no standard orthography, and varies by dialect.
Arabic diacritics
Arabic diacritics (tashkil, التشكيل) are optional combining marks for short vowels, gemination, and vowel absence in the Arabic abjad; distinct from ijam letter-dots, gradient in real use, and a key challenge for Arabic NLP.
Arabic grammar
Arabic grammar (naḥw and ṣarf) covers morphology and syntax of Classical Arabic, Modern Standard Arabic (al-fuṣḥā), and dialects: root-and-pattern derivation, iʿrāb case endings, iḍāfa, particles, diglossia, and the grammatical tradition from Sībawayhi's al-Kitāb onward.
Arabic Infancy Gospel
The Arabic Infancy Gospel, self-titled the Gospel of the Infancy, is an apocryphal Christian text recounting Jesus' birth, the flight into Egypt, and childhood miracles.
Arabic name
Arabic name: the personal-name tradition of Arabic, classically built from ism (given name), kunya (teknonym), nasab (patronymic), nisba (relational adjective), and laqab (title); rooted in pre-Islamic epigraphy, borrowed widely across Muslim communities with phonological adaptation, and variable in English transliteration.
Arabic numerals
Arabic numerals, also called Hindu-Arabic numerals, are the digits 0-9 in a decimal place-value system originating in India, transmitted via Arabic scholars to Europe, with Eastern Arabic-Indic and Western variants.
Arabic script
Arabic script (al-kitabah al-arabiyyah) is a right-to-left cursive abjad of 28 consonants descended from Aramaic via Nabataean, extended by ijam dots to Persian, Urdu, Pashto, and others; Nastaliq is a style, not a separate script.
Arabicization of the chancery
The Arabicization of the chancery (تعريب الدواوين) was the Umayyad replacement of Persian, Greek, and Coptic with Arabic in financial registers, begun by Caliph Abd al-Malik and completed in 700–701.
Arabio
Arabio, also spelled Arabion, was a Numidian prince, son of Massinissa II, who recovered part of his father's kingdom after Caesar's assassination in 44 BC.
Arabization (تعريب)
Arabization (تعريب, ta'rib) is the spread of Arabic language and identity and, as modern policy, the postcolonial replacement of English, French, and local languages with standard Arabic in states such as Algeria and Sudan, with mixed outcomes.
Arabization of the diwan and coinage reform of Abd al-Malik
The Arabization of the diwan and coinage reform of Abd al-Malik made Arabic the language of Umayyad government and introduced the first imageless Islamic dinars in 696–697.
Arabs (العرب)
Arabs (العرب, al-ʿArab) are the Arabic-speaking peoples of the Arabian Peninsula, Middle East, and North Africa. The name first denoted northern nomad tribes, expanded to all peninsula inhabitants, and Arab identity was shaped in the early Islamic Caliphate.
Arabshahid dynasty
The Arabshahid dynasty, also known as ʿArabšāhī, was a Chingisid dynasty named for ʿArabšāh b. Fūlād that ruled Khwarazm, around the lower Amu Darya, from 1511, with its capital eventually at Khiva.
Araceli Martinez-Olguin
Araceli Martinez-Olguin (Araceli Martínez-Olguín), born 1977 in Mexico City, is a US district judge for the Northern District of California, appointed by President Biden in 2023 after a career as an immigrants' rights attorney.
Arad ostraca
The Arad ostraca, also known as the Arad letters, are Hebrew ink inscriptions on pottery from the Judahite fortress at Tel Arad, written around 600 BCE.
Aradmu
Aradmu was a head agricultural administrator (šabra gud) in the Ur III state, known from an archive of 145 cuneiform tablets looted from a site near Nippur.
Aragen
Aragen Life Sciences, formerly GVK Biosciences (GVK BIO), is an Indian contract research, development, and manufacturing organization headquartered in Hyderabad, founded in 2001, backed by Goldman Sachs and Quadria Capital, and seeking an IPO in 2026.
Aragon Pharmaceuticals
Aragon Pharmaceuticals, also known as Farallon Biosciences, was a San Diego pharmaceutical company focused on hormonally driven cancers, acquired by Johnson & Johnson in 2013 for $650 million.