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Arbitrage pricing
Arbitrage pricing is a family of asset-pricing arguments in which the absence of arbitrage opportunities forces expected asset returns into an approximately linear relation with exposures to a few common risk factors.
Arbitrage pricing theory
Arbitrage pricing theory is a finance model proposed by Stephen Ross in 1976, in which an asset's expected return is a linear function of risk factor exposures.
Arbitral awards as sources of international law
Arbitral awards as sources of international law are binding tribunal decisions that the ICJ Statute classifies only as a subsidiary means for determining rules of law, not a formal source.
Arbitration
Arbitration: binding private dispute resolution by neutral arbitrators under party agreement. Also commercial arbitration. Key facts: US FAA 1925, New York Convention enforcement, UNCITRAL Rules 1976-2021, ICC and AAA institutions, empirical comparisons with litigation.
Arbitration and judicial settlement in international law
Arbitration and judicial settlement are international law's two binding forms of third-party dispute settlement: ad hoc tribunals chosen by parties versus standing courts with jurisdiction from law.
Arbitration of Adhruh
The Arbitration of Adhruh (تحكيم أذرح) was a failed 658 to 659 attempt to settle the First Fitna between Ali and Muawiya after the Battle of Siffin.
Arbor Biotechnologies
Arbor Biotechnologies is a Cambridge, Massachusetts biotechnology company founded in 2016 by CRISPR researcher Feng Zhang, using machine learning to find gene editing proteins; its lead therapy, ABO-101, is in Phase 1/2 trials.
Arbor Investments
Arbor Investments is a middle-market private equity firm founded in 1999 with offices in Chicago and New York, investing exclusively in food, beverage, and related industries, with over 80 companies acquired.
Arbor Ventures
Arbor Ventures is a privately held venture capital firm headquartered in Hong Kong, founded by Melissa Guzy and Wei Hopeman, investing in early-stage Asian fintech and big data companies.
Arboretum Ventures
Arboretum Ventures is a healthcare venture capital firm founded in 2002 in Ann Arbor, Michigan, by Jan Garfinkle and Tim Petersen, with $1 billion under management across six funds.
Arc Logistics Partners LP
Arc Logistics Partners LP was a fee-based Delaware limited partnership formed in 2013 by Lightfoot Capital to own and operate petroleum terminals across the United States.
ARC Resources
ARC Resources Ltd. is a Canadian oil and gas company producing crude oil, condensate, and natural gas in Alberta and British Columbia, acquired by Shell in 2026.
Arca Continental
Arca Continental is a Mexican Coca-Cola bottler and snack maker serving more than 130 million consumers across Mexico, the southwestern United States, Ecuador, Peru, and Argentina.
Arcadi España García
Arcadi España García, born in Carcaixent in 1974, is a Spanish politician serving as Minister for Finance since 2026, after holding posts in the Generalitat Valenciana.
Arcadia (utopia)
Arcadia (Ἀρκαδία) is an idealized pastoral world of shepherds and nymphs in literature and art, named for a mountainous Peloponnesian region and shaped by Virgil.
Arcadius
Arcadius (377/378–408), Flavius Arcadius, Eastern Roman emperor 395–408, elder son of Theodosius I; ruled Constantinople under ministers Rufinus, Eutropius, and Anthemius, married Eudoxia, exiled Chrysostom, succeeded by Theodosius II.
Arcaicam Esperantom
Arcaicam Esperantom (Arkaika Esperanto) is a fictional "Old Esperanto" register created by Manuel Halvelik in 1969 for translating classic literature, with Latin-like spelling, declensions, and person-marked verbs; IANA variant subtag arkaika.
Arcellx, Inc.
Arcellx, Inc., originally incorporated as Encarta Therapeutics in 2014, was a clinical-stage biotechnology company in Gaithersburg, Maryland, developing CAR-T cell therapies for cancer before Gilead Sciences acquired it in 2026.
Arcesilaus (Ἀρκεσίλαος)
Arcesilaus (Ἀρκεσίλαος, 315/4–241/40 BCE), Pitane-born fifth head of Plato's Academy, founded the skeptical New Academy, attacking Stoic epistemology and defending akatalêpsia and epochê.
Arch Capital Group
Arch Capital Group Ltd. is a Bermuda-based insurer providing insurance, reinsurance, and mortgage insurance worldwide through subsidiaries, with about $26.9 billion in capital and S&P 500 membership.
Arch of Constantine
The Arch of Constantine (Arco di Costantino) is Rome's largest surviving triumphal arch, dedicated in 315 CE near the Colosseum for Constantine's victory over Maxentius at the Milvian Bridge, built largely of spolia from Trajanic, Hadrianic, and Antonine monuments.
ARCH Venture Fund X Overage, L.P.
ARCH Venture Fund X Overage, L.P. is a Chicago-based venture capital sidecar fund of ARCH Venture Partners' tenth flagship fund, which raised $635.75 million for early-stage biotechnology investments.
ARCH Venture Partners
ARCH Venture Partners is a Chicago-based venture capital firm that co-founds early-stage biotech companies with scientists, managing about $12 billion and closing a $3 billion fund in 2024.
Archaeoastronomy
Archaeoastronomy, also called cultural astronomy or astro-archaeology, is the interdisciplinary study of how ancient and prehistoric societies observed and used the sky, combining archaeology, astronomy, statistics, and ethnography; known for Stonehenge debates, Thom's megalithic yard, and verified sites like Chankillo.
Archaeological culture
Archaeological culture: a recurring complex of artifact types (pots, tools, burial rites, house forms) across sites, proposed by Kossinna (1911) and defined by Childe (1929) as the material expression of a people; contested by processual archaeology, NAGPRA affiliation debates, and aDNA research.
Archaeological Survey of India (भारतीय पुरातत्व सर्वेक्षण)
Archaeological Survey of India (भारतीय पुरातत्व सर्वेक्षण), ASI: India's apex archaeological agency, founded 1861 under Alexander Cunningham, Ministry of Culture. Protects about 3,686 centrally protected monuments under the AMASR Act 1958 through roughly 38 Circles.
Archaeology
Archaeology: study of the human past through material remains. Known for context (provenience), stratigraphic dating, origins in antiquarianism, processual and postprocessual theory, CRM, and NAGPRA.
Archaeology of Israel
Archaeology of Israel: archaeological study of ancient Israel and Judah, long shaped by biblical archaeology, the minimalist–maximalist debates, radiocarbon dating, key finds like the Tel Dan stela, and institutions such as the Israel Antiquities Authority.
Archaic Greece
Archaic Greece (c. 800-480 BC): era of the polis, Mediterranean colonization, the Greek alphabet, and hoplite warfare, ending with the Persian wars and Plataia in 479 BC.
Archaic period (North America)
Archaic period (North America): long hunter-gatherer era after Paleoindian, c. 13,000–3200 cal bp, before widespread agriculture, pottery, and mounds; marked by atlatl and dart points, ground stone, stone boiling, copper traditions, and Poverty Point earthworks.