Society and history

Aussiedler and Spätaussiedler

Aussiedler and Spätaussiedler are legal terms for ethnic Germans who migrated to Germany after 1950. They received immediate citizenship and are defined by a special admission procedure.

Austerity

Austerity, or austerity measures, is a fiscal policy of sustained government spending cuts or tax increases adopted to reduce budget deficits and public debt, often with contested economic effects.

Austerity in Israel (צנע)

Austerity in Israel, known in Hebrew as the Tzena (צנע), was a regime of rationing, price controls, and import compression applied from 1949 until 1959.

Austerity in the United Kingdom

Austerity in the United Kingdom was the program of public spending cuts, welfare reductions, and tax rises adopted from 2010 to cut the deficit after the 2008 financial crisis.

Austin Davis (Pennsylvania politician)

Austin Davis is an American Democratic politician and the 35th Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania, elected in 2022 as the first African American to hold the office.

Sep 21, 2026

Austin H. Riesen (1913–1996) was an American comparative psychologist and psychobiologist who pioneered sensory deprivation research, showing how early experience shapes development; he taught at UC Riverside and joined the National Academy of Sciences in 1995.

Austin Independent School District

Austin Independent School District, also known as Austin ISD, is a public school district in Austin, Texas, established in 1881. It is the eighth-largest school district in the state, serving 69,251 students.

Austin Knudsen

Austin Knudsen is an American Republican politician serving as Attorney General of Montana, first elected in 2020 and reelected in 2024 after working as a county prosecutor in Indian Country.

Austin Magee

Austin Magee is an American politician and Republican candidate for the US House in Louisiana's 5th congressional district in 2026, and the owner of Pittman Industrial, a welding and mechanical company.

Austin Petersen

Austin Petersen (born 1981) is a Missouri media producer and activist, founder of The Libertarian Republic, runner-up for the 2016 Libertarian presidential nomination behind Gary Johnson, and a Republican Senate primary candidate in 2018.

Austin Phelps

Austin Phelps was an American Congregationalist clergyman who taught sacred rhetoric at Andover Theological Seminary from 1848 to 1879 and wrote the devotional classic The Still Hour.

Austin S. Miller

Austin S. "Scott" Miller (born 1961) is a retired U.S. Army four-star general, Delta Force commander, Joint Special Operations Command leader, and final commander of NATO Resolute Support and U.S. Forces–Afghanistan (2018–2021), who relinquished command in Kabul on July 12, 2021.

Austin Scott

Austin Scott, born in 1969, is a Republican U.S. Representative for Georgia's 8th congressional district since 2011 and the party's 2026 nominee for the seat.

Austin Tice

Austin Tice, American freelance photojournalist and Marine veteran, disappeared at a checkpoint near Damascus, Syria, on August 14, 2012, while reporting for the Washington Post and McClatchy; his fate remains unconfirmed despite a $1 million FBI reward and post-Assad searches.

Austral Plan

The Austral Plan (Plan Austral) was Argentina's heterodox anti-inflation program, announced by President Raúl Alfonsín on 14 June 1985, which froze prices and wages and introduced the austral currency.

Australia Act 1986

Australia Act 1986 (Cth), passed with the Australia Act 1986 (UK) and six state Acts, took effect 3 March 1986, ending UK legislative power over Australia, state-court Privy Council appeals, and disallowance of state laws.

Australia First Party

Australia First Party (AFP), founded 1996, attributed to Graeme Campbell; Australian nationalist minor party with eight core policies; led later by Jim Saleam; federally deregistered 2022, NSW local-government registration only as of 2024.

Australia Zoo

Australia Zoo, at Beerwah on Queensland's Sunshine Coast, is the Irwin family wildlife park, founded as the 1970 Beerwah Reptile Park and renamed Australia Zoo in 1998 during The Crocodile Hunter era.

Australia–China relations

Australia–China relations: diplomatic ties established 21 December 1972 under Whitlam via Paris communiqué; China is Australia's largest trading partner ($326B two-way trade in 2025, ChAFTA 2015), marked by the 2020–2022 trade-rupture crisis and recovery under Albanese.

Australia–Indonesia border

The Australia–Indonesia border is the world's longest maritime boundary, set by 1971 and 1972 seabed treaties on natural prolongation, leaving the Timor Gap, covered by the 1989 Timor Gap Treaty and the unratified 1997 Perth Treaty.

Australia–New Zealand relations

Australia–New Zealand relations: trans-Tasman alliance under ANZUS, ANZCERTA free trade, Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement, Pacific Step-up and Pacific Reset, and Closer Defence Relations to 2035.

Australia–Papua New Guinea relations

Australia–Papua New Guinea relations cover colonial administration to 1975 independence, the 2023 Bilateral Security Agreement, and the 2025 Pukpuk Mutual Defence Treaty alliance, plus Australia's role as PNG's largest development partner with $707 million in ODA.

Australia–Solomon Islands Maritime Boundary Agreement

Australia–Solomon Islands Maritime Boundary Agreement (Honiara, 13 September 1988; [1989] ATS 12; entry into force 14 April 1989). Coral Sea treaty delimiting the Australian Fishing Zone and Solomon Islands EEZ and continental shelf along geodesics through points U, V, and R1, with cross-boundary resource sharing and peaceful dispute settlement clauses.

Australia–Timor-Leste spying scandal

The Australia–Timor-Leste spying scandal: alleged 2004 ASIS bugging of Timorese treaty negotiators in Dili, exposed by Witness K and lawyer Bernard Collaery, leading to 2013 ASIO raids, an ICJ case, prosecutions dropped in 2022, and the 2018 maritime treaty.

Australia–United Kingdom Free Trade Agreement

The Australia–United Kingdom Free Trade Agreement is a bilateral trade agreement signed in December 2021 and in force since 31 May 2023, eliminating most tariffs.

Australia–United States Free Trade Agreement

The Australia–United States Free Trade Agreement (AUSFTA) is a trade treaty signed in 2004 and in force since 2005, which eliminated most tariffs between the two countries.

Australia's Voice

Australia's Voice is an Australian political party founded by Senator Fatima Payman, launched October 2024 after she quit Labor over Gaza, registered with the AEC on 17 December 2024, and holding one Senate seat after the 2025 election.

Australian Aboriginal avoidance practices

Australian Aboriginal avoidance practices are customary rules restricting interaction between certain kin, strictest between a man and his mother-in-law, using special speech registers, sign language, and bodily distancing.

Australian Aboriginal culture

Australian Aboriginal culture: the languages, Dreaming law, Country, kinship, songlines and art of Australia's Aboriginal peoples, occupying the continent for at least 65,000 years, comprising over 500 nations, distinct from Torres Strait Islander cultures, and maintained today through revitalisation and contemporary art.