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Australian Operational Service Medal
Australian Operational Service Medal (AOSM), instituted 22 May 2012 by Letters Patent, recognises Australian Defence Force members and certain civilians in declared military operations; it replaced the AASM and ASM and uses unique per-operation ribbons (Border Protection, Greater Middle East Operation, Special Operations, Indo-Pacific).
Australian passport
Australian passport: travel document issued by the Australian Passport Office (DFAT) under the Passports Act 2005 to Australian citizens; biometric ePassport since 2005, 6-week routine processing, Priority and Fast Track options, ranked 6th-7th for visa-free access.
Australian property law
Australian property law covers the Torrens title-by-registration system with indefeasibility, native title under the Native Title Act 1993 after Mabo (No 2), and Commonwealth foreign investment screening including the 2025 ban on foreign purchases of established dwellings.
Australian Qualifications Framework
The Australian Qualifications Framework (AQF) is Australia's national policy for regulated qualifications across schools, VET, and higher education. Introduced in 1995, it defines 10 levels from Certificate I to Doctoral degree, with the Undergraduate Certificate and Vocational Degree added in 2025.
Australian Research Council
The Australian Research Council (ARC), a non-corporate Commonwealth entity under the ARC Act 2001, funds Australian university research in all disciplines except medical research via the NCGP and administers ERA and EI.
Australian Secret Intelligence Service
Australian Secret Intelligence Service (ASIS): Australia's foreign intelligence collection agency, established 1952, avowed 1977, statutory under the Intelligence Services Act 2001, reporting to the Minister for Foreign Affairs; distinct from domestic ASIO.
Australian Securities and Investments Commission
The Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) is Australia's corporate, markets, financial services, and credit regulator, enforcing the Corporations Act 2001 and handling conduct and disclosure regulation under Australia's twin peaks model.
Australian Securities Exchange
The Australian Securities Exchange (ASX) is Australia's principal stock exchange, listing about 2,000 companies worth AUD 3 trillion, and clearing and settling trades on both ASX and Cboe Australia.
Australian Security Intelligence Organisation
The Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (ASIO), established 16 March 1949 under PM Ben Chifley with first Director-General Justice G S Reed, is Australia's domestic security intelligence agency. Governed by the ASIO Act 1979, it counters espionage, sabotage, terrorism and foreign interference, overseen by the IGIS and PJCIS.
Australian Senate
The Australian Senate is the upper house of Australia's federal Parliament: 76 senators, 12 per state and 2 per territory, elected by proportional representation since 1949, serving as a house of review that cannot introduce money bills.
Australian Service Medal
Australian Service Medal (ASM), Australian Defence award with operation clasps, instituted 13 September 1988 for peacekeeping and non-warlike service from 14 February 1975; replaced for new operations by the Australian Operational Service Medal.
Australian Sex Party
Australian Sex Party, Australian minor party founded 2009 by Fiona Patten and Robbie Swan; registered after an obscenity dispute, won a Victorian Legislative Council seat in 2014, renamed the Reason Party in 2017 and deregistered 29 August 2017.
Australian Signals Directorate
Australian Signals Directorate (ASD), formerly Defence Signals Bureau/Division/Directorate, is Australia's foreign signals intelligence and cyber security agency, founded 1947 from WWII's Central Bureau and FRUMEL, a Five Eyes member and statutory agency since 2018.
Australian state and territory by-elections
Australian state and territory by-elections fill casual vacancies in single-member seats of state or territory parliaments, usually after a member resigns; each jurisdiction's own electoral law governs them.
Australian Taxation Office
The Australian Taxation Office, also known as the Australian Tax Office, is the Australian government agency that collects income tax, GST, and superannuation, collecting $610.6 billion net in 2023–24.
Australian trust law
Australian trust law governs trusts, where a trustee holds legal title to property for beneficiaries. Judge-made equity plus state Trustee Acts and Commonwealth tax law; not uniform across jurisdictions; Queensland codified in the Trusts Act 2025.
Australian War Memorial
The Australian War Memorial is Australia's national shrine, museum, and archive in Canberra, conceived by Charles Bean, designed by Sodersteen and Crust, opened 11 November 1941, governed under the Australian War Memorial Act 1980.
Australian Yard
Australian Yard (החצר האוסטרלית) is the Australia-themed exhibit, "The Australian Dream," at the Jerusalem Biblical Zoo, holding kangaroos, cassowary, palm cockatoo, flying foxes, and other species from Australia, Papua New Guinea, and New Zealand.
Australian Young Labor
Australian Young Labor (AYL) is the youth wing of the Australian Labor Party for members under 26, with its president on the ALP National Executive, delegates at National Conference, and state bodies such as NSW Young Labor.
Australians
Australians, known as Aussies, are the citizens and residents of Australia, a multicultural society of 27.9 million people, 32 percent of whom were born overseas.
Austrasia
Austrasia, the northeastern Merovingian sub-kingdom of the Franks created in 511 under Theuderic I, centered on Metz and the Rhine-Meuse lands; homeland of the Carolingians, preponderant after Tertry (687), divided in 870.
Austrian Academy of Sciences
Austrian Academy of Sciences (ÖAW, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften), founded 14 May 1847 in Vienna by Emperor Ferdinand I; Austria's largest non-university basic research institution, a public-law learned society with two divisions, 26 institutes, over 760 members, renamed from Imperial Academy in 1947.
Austrian Armed Forces
The Austrian Armed Forces (Österreichisches Bundesheer) are Austria's militia-system military, founded by the 1955 Wehrgesetz. Constitutionally neutral and non-NATO, with six-month conscription, about 22,050 active personnel, and a 2027 budget of €5.30 billion.
Austrian Circle
The Austrian Circle (Österreichischer Reichskreis) was one of the Holy Roman Empire's ten Imperial Circles, created in 1512 under Maximilian I to group the Habsburg hereditary lands, lasting until 1806.
Austrian Civil War
The Austrian Civil War (Österreichischer Bürgerkrieg), or February Uprising, was a four-day armed conflict of February 1934 between the socialist Schutzbund and Austrian government forces.
Austrian Concordat of 1855
The Austrian Concordat of 1855 was a treaty between Pope Pius IX and Emperor Franz Joseph I securing Catholic Church rights in Austria, terminated unilaterally in 1870.
Austrian Empire
Austrian Empire (Kaisertum Österreich), the Habsburg state proclaimed in 1804 from Holy Roman lands and reorganized by the 1867 Compromise into Austria-Hungary; multinational, constitutionalized after 1848, defeated by Prussia in 1866.
Austrian German
Austrian German (Österreichisches Deutsch) is Austria's national standard variety of German, codified by the Österreichisches Wörterbuch since 1951, marked by Austriacisms like Marille and Erdäpfel, distinct pronunciation, and Bavarian-based dialects.
Austrian nationalization
Austrian nationalization was the post-1945 transfer of Austrian industry, banking, and electricity into Republic of Austria ownership, begun by the First Nationalization Act of 26 July 1946 and extended to electricity in 1947.
Austrian Nazism
Austrian Nazism: the Nazi movement in Austria demanding union with Germany, realized in the March 1938 Anschluss; 99.73 percent plebiscite, persecution of 192,000 Jews, Mauthausen camp, and the postwar victim myth.