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Cinzio Passeri Aldobrandini
Cinzio Passeri Aldobrandini (1551–1610) was an Italian cardinal and nephew of Pope Clement VIII, created cardinal in 1593 and later Major Penitentiary, who hosted the poet Torquato Tasso.
CIP Capital
CIP Capital is a New York-based private equity firm, founded in 2010, that invests in middle-market companies in the business information and tech-enabled services sectors.
CIPP model
The CIPP model is a program evaluation framework that uses context, input, process, and product evaluation to serve planning and improvement decisions, developed in the 1960s for US school programs.
Cippi of Melqart
The Cippi of Melqart are twin 2nd-century BC white-marble votive pillars from Malta with identical Phoenician and Greek inscriptions to Melqart; one is in the Louvre, one in Valletta.
Cipriano Castro
Cipriano Castro (José Cipriano Castro Ruiz) was a Venezuelan military and political leader who ruled the country from 1899 to 1908, after seizing power through the Revolución Liberal Restauradora.
Circassia
Circassia, historic homeland of the Adyghe (Circassian) people on the northeastern Black Sea coast, about 100,000 km² with roughly 1.7 million people by the 17th century; conquered by Russia by 1864, when mass killing and expulsion created a largely Turkish and Middle Eastern diaspora.
Circassian coup of 1382
The Circassian coup of 1382 (ثورة البرجية) was the seizure of the Mamluk sultanate by Barquq, who deposed child sultan al-Salih Hajji and founded the Burji sultanate.
Circassian genocide
Circassian genocide: the Russian Empire's mass killing and expulsion of the Circassians from their Black Sea homeland, culminating in 1864; at least 600,000 died and survivors were deported to the Ottoman Empire.
Circassian languages
The Circassian languages, Adyghe (West Circassian) and Kabardian (East Circassian), are Northwest Caucasian languages, ergative, with up to 80 consonants and 2-3 vowels, spoken in the North Caucasus and diaspora, UNESCO-listed as endangered worldwide.
Circassians
The Circassians, known in their own language as Adyghe, are a largely Muslim Northwest Caucasus people, most of whom now live in exile, above all in Turkey.
Circe (Κίρκη)
Circe (Κίρκη, Kirke) is the Greek goddess-sorceress of Aeaea, daughter of Helios, who transformed Odysseus' crew into pigs in Odyssey Book 10 and became his ally and lover for a year.
Circle jerk
Circle jerk (circlejerk) is vulgar slang for a group of men masturbating in a circle, and figuratively for a self-congratulatory echo chamber. Documented from 1958 print, figurative by 1972, online via Urban Dictionary 2003 and Reddit's r/circlejerk 2008.
Circle of Stankevich
The Circle of Stankevich (Кружок Станкевича) was a literary-philosophical group of Moscow University students formed in 1831 around Nikolai Stankevich, studying German idealist philosophy, Schelling and then Hegel, until its breakup in 1839.
Circle Pharma
Circle Pharma is a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company in South San Francisco, California, developing oral macrocycle drugs for cancer, with lead program CID-078 in Phase 1 testing.
CIRCTEC
CIRCTEC is a UK-headquartered tire pyrolysis recycling company founded in 2009 by Allen Timpany and Robert Harper, whose flagship Dutch plant, Europe's largest, formally opened in January 2026.
Circuit City
Circuit City was an American consumer-electronics retailer founded in 1949 in Richmond, Virginia, as Wards Co.; profits peaked around 2000 and its 567 U.S. stores liquidated in 2009.
Circular economy
The circular economy is an economic system that keeps products and materials in use through maintenance, reuse, refurbishment, and recycling, in contrast with the linear take-make-waste model.
Circular flow of income
The circular flow of income, also called the circular flow model or diagram, is a macroeconomic model in which households supply firms and spend income on firms' goods.
Circular on the Cook's Children
The Circular on the Cook's Children (Циркуляр о кухаркиных детях) was the popular name for a secret 1887 report by Ivan Delyanov keeping lower-estate children out of Russian secondary schools.
Circular reasoning
Circular reasoning (circulus in probando) is the fallacy of supporting a conclusion with premises that assume it, related to begging the question (petitio principii); Aristotle first discussed it, and formal logic treats some circular arguments as benign.
Circumcision and law
Circumcision and law covers the legal status of male and female circumcision: FGM is statutorily banned (UK 1985 Act, WHO four types), while non-therapeutic male circumcision is lawful and unregulated in England, regulated by § 1631d BGB in Germany after the 2012 Cologne ruling, and unregulated in the US.
Circumcision of Jesus
Circumcision of Jesus: the ritual circumcision and naming of the infant Jesus on his eighth day, per Luke 2:21; basis of the January 1 Christian feast, later renamed Feast of the Holy Name by Anglicans.
Circumflex
Circumflex (accent circonflexe, circonflexe): inverted-V diacritic (ˆ) over vowels, from the Greek perispomenon pitch accent. In French it marks historical vowel length or letter loss (âge, hôtel); 1990 reform made it optional on i and u.
Circumstantial Commissioner (Commissioner of Transport)
The Circumstantial Commissioner (转运使), usually translated Commissioner of Transport, was the Song dynasty official over a circuit who managed its tax income, grain transport to the capital, and inspection of prefectural officials.
Circumstantial evidence
Circumstantial evidence, also called indirect evidence, proves a fact by inference rather than directly. Distinguished from direct evidence; treated as equal in weight; sufficient for conviction when circumstances form an unbroken, consistent chain.
Cirilo Antonio Rivarola
Cirilo Antonio Rivarola was a Paraguayan lawyer, journalist, and merchant who served in the 1869 provisional triumvirate and was the first constitutional president of Paraguay under the 1870 Constitution.
Ciro Gomes
Ciro Gomes (Ciro Ferreira Gomes), Brazilian politician born 1957, former governor of Ceará, finance minister under Itamar Franco, and four-time presidential candidate (1998, 2002, 2018, 2022), now PSDB after leaving the PDT in 2025.
Cirrus Logic, Inc.
Cirrus Logic, Inc. is a fabless semiconductor company founded in 1984 and headquartered in Austin, Texas, that designs low-power mixed-signal chips, mostly audio components for smartphones, its largest customer being Apple.
Cirta steles
The Cirta steles are Punic and Neo-Punic votive steles from the El Hofra sanctuary at Cirta, Numidia's capital under modern Constantine, Algeria, dedicated to Ba'al Hammon and Tanit.
Cirta/Constantina
Cirta, later Constantina, was the ancient capital of the Numidian kings Syphax and Masinissa on the Rhummel gorge in Algeria; a Roman colony (Colonia Iulia Iuvenalis Honoris et Virtutis Cirta), renamed by Constantine after 311, it survives as Constantine.