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Cirth
Cirth (singular certh, Quenya Certar) are Tolkien's angular runic letters for Middle-earth, Elvish in origin (Angerthas Daeron) and adapted by Dwarves into Angerthas Moria and the Erebor mode; distinct from Tengwar and from Thrór's Map futhorc.
Cisalpine Republic
The Cisalpine Republic (Repubblica Cisalpina), a French sister republic in northern Italy, was proclaimed by Napoleon on 29 June 1797 from the Transpadane and Cispadane republics, fell to Austro-Russian forces in 1799, was restored in 1800 after Marengo, and became the Italian Republic in 1802.
Cisco Aguilar
Francisco "Cisco" Aguilar is an American Democratic politician serving as Nevada Secretary of State since 2023 and chairing the Democratic Association of Secretaries of State.
Cisgender
Cisgender (cis): describes people whose gender identity matches their sex assigned at birth; entered circulation in the 1990s, added to the OED in 2015, counterpart to transgender.
Cisjordan Corpus
The Cisjordan Corpus is a group of 36 Iron Age silver hoards from 14 sites in the southern Levant, dating from about 1200 to 586 BC.
Cisplatina
Cisplatina was a province of the Empire of Brazil comprising present-day Uruguay. Created in 1821, it became independent Uruguay after the Cisplatine War ended in 1828.
Cisplatine War
Cisplatine War (Guerra da Cisplatina, Guerra del Brasil), 1825-1828 conflict between the Empire of Brazil and the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata over the Cisplatine Province (Banda Oriental); ended by the 1828 British-mediated Preliminary Peace Convention creating independent Uruguay.
Cistercians
The Cistercians, or White Monks, are a Catholic monastic order founded in 1098 at Cîteaux, Burgundy, to follow the Rule of St Benedict more strictly.
CIT Group
CIT Group, formerly Commercial Investment Trust, was an American commercial finance company founded in 1908, known for factoring and small-business lending, and acquired by First Citizens in 2022.
Citadel High School
Citadel High School (Halifax, Nova Scotia) is a public grades 10-12 school opened September 2007, replacing Queen Elizabeth and Saint Patrick's high schools on the former NSCC Bell Road campus; IB, French Immersion, O2 programs, about 1,684 students in 2025.
Citadel LLC
Citadel LLC, formerly Citadel Investment Group, is a Miami-based multistrategy hedge fund firm founded by Ken Griffin in 1990, legally separate from the market maker Citadel Securities.
Citadel Securities
Citadel Securities is an American market-making firm founded in 2002 within Kenneth C. Griffin's Citadel operations, headquartered in Miami, Florida, and among the largest US wholesale market makers.
Citation
Citation: the scholarly practice of marking the source of an idea or quotation in text, paired with a full reference. Covers APA, MLA, Chicago, and Vancouver styles, footnote history, citation counts, Crossref infrastructure, and citation manipulation.
CITES
CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora), signed 1973, is a treaty of 185 Parties regulating wildlife trade through a permit system and three Appendices covering over 41,000 species.
Citibank
Citibank, originally City Bank of New York, is a bank founded in 1812 and the national banking subsidiary of Citigroup, whose Citi brand operates in nearly 160 countries.
Citic Securities
Citic Securities, also CITIC Securities Company Limited (中信证券), is one of China's largest full-service investment banks, headquartered in Shenzhen and listed in Shanghai and Hong Kong.
Citigroup
Citigroup Inc. is an American investment bank operating in nearly 160 countries, with $2.7 trillion in assets, 226,000 employees, and $14.3 billion in net income in 2025.
Citigroup Center
Citigroup Center, also known as Citicorp Tower, is a 59-story, 915-foot office tower in Midtown Manhattan, completed in 1977 on four mid-facade columns and secretly repaired in 1978 after a wind-brace flaw was found.
Citizen House (Westgate Building)
Citizen House (Westgate Building), Bath, ST 7464, is an archaeological site excavated in 1964 (Cunliffe) and 1970 (Greene), yielding cess pits, burning areas, and Saxo-Norman pottery behind medieval burgage plots; published in Excavations in Bath 1950-1975 (1979).
Citizen journalism
Citizen journalism, also called participatory or network journalism, is news gathering and reporting by non-professionals via blogs, social media, and smartphones; it rose with the 2004 tsunami and Arab Spring, faces verification and bias problems, and has shifted toward news creators.
Citizen's arrest
Citizen's arrest: detention of a suspected offender by a private person rather than police, rooted in English common law and the 1285 Statute of Winchester. Legal in most US states except Georgia (repealed 2021 after Ahmaud Arbery's killing), with felony/misdemeanor limits and false imprisonment liability.
Citizens (Spanish political party)
Ciudadanos (Citizens, Cs), officially Ciudadanos–Partido de la Ciudadanía, is a Spanish liberal party founded in Catalonia in 2006, expanded nationwide in 2013, peaking at 57 Congress seats in April 2019 before collapsing to one regional seat and skipping the 2023 general election.
Citizens Advice
Citizens Advice (National Association of Citizens Advice Bureaux, charity 279057) is a UK charity network giving free, confidential advice on debt, benefits, housing, and consumer issues; founded 4 September 1939 as wartime bureaux, now 259 local charities plus a national body.
Citizens Financial Group
Citizens Financial Group, also known as Citizens Financial, is an American bank holding company headquartered in Providence, Rhode Island, with $226.4 billion in assets and more than 1,000 branches in 14 states.
Citizens for a Canadian Republic
Citizens for a Canadian Republic (Citoyens pour une république canadienne), founded in Toronto in 2002, is a non-partisan advocacy group seeking a Canadian head of state, with the governor general replacing the British monarch.
Citizens United (organization)
Citizens United is a Washington, D.C.-based conservative 501(c)(4) nonprofit led by David Bossie, known for political documentaries and for winning the 2010 Supreme Court case Citizens United v. FEC, which struck down bans on corporate independent election spending.
Citizens United v. FEC
Citizens United v. FEC, 558 U.S. 310 (2010), Supreme Court decision holding corporate and union independent election spending is First Amendment-protected speech, overruling Austin and part of McConnell, enabling super PACs and dark money.
Citizens' Committee at the Chairman of Solidarity
The Citizens' Committee at the Chairman of Solidarity (Komitet Obywatelski przy Przewodniczącym NSZZ "Solidarność") was the Polish opposition body around Lech Wałęsa that represented Solidarity in the 1989 Round Table negotiations.
Citizens' Councils
Citizens' Councils, also White Citizens' Councils, segregationist resistance organizations founded July 1954 in Indianola, Mississippi, after Brown v. Board of Education; used economic pressure, the magazine The Citizen, and Forum broadcasts; disbanded 1989, succeeded by Council of Conservative Citizens.
Citizens' Movement (Mexico)
Citizens' Movement (Spanish: Movimiento Ciudadano, MC) is a social democratic political party in Mexico. Founded in 1998 as Convergencia por la Democracia, it took its current name in 2011.