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Class: A Guide Through the American Status System
Class: A Guide Through the American Status System is Paul Fussell's 1983 Summit Books bestseller describing nine American status castes, taste-based class indicators, category X, and prole drift; distinct from Jilly Cooper's 1979 Class.
Classe préparatoire aux grandes écoles
Classe préparatoire aux grandes écoles (CPGE, prépa): selective two-year French lycée program preparing baccalauréat holders for grandes écoles concours; 87,100 students in 2025, three filières, no diploma but 120 ECTS credits.
Classera
Classera is a San Francisco-based education technology company founded by Mohammad Almadani and Mohammad Alashmawi, which raised $40 million led by Saudi Arabia's Public Investment Fund in 2022.
Classes of supply
Classes of supply: numbered categories for military materiel. NATO uses five classes (I subsistence, II TOE equipment, III POL with IIIa aviation fuel, IV construction, V ammunition); the US uses ten, adding VI–X.
Classes of United States senators
Classes of United States senators: Class I, II, III, the constitutional three-way division of the 100-member Senate (33-33-34) that staggers six-year terms so one third faces election every two years.
Classic Maya collapse
The Classic Maya collapse was the abandonment of most southern lowland Maya cities and the fall of their sacred kings between about 760 and 950 CE.
Classic Maya language
Classic Maya, also called Classic Ch'olti'an or Classic Ch'olan, is the extinct Ch'olan Mayan language of the Classic-period (c. AD 250-900) hieroglyphic inscriptions of the Maya lowlands, a conservative standard related to Ch'orti', with 70-80% of texts now readable.
Classic of Filial Piety
The Classic of Filial Piety (孝经) is a Confucian classic on filial piety, probably compiled in the late Warring States period and highly influential in Han dynasty governance.
Classic of Mountains and Seas
The Classic of Mountains and Seas (山海经) is an ancient Chinese work of geography and strange lore, describing mountains, rivers, plants, animals, minerals, and distant peoples and kingdoms.
Classic of Tea
The Classic of Tea (茶经) is a treatise on tea by Lu Yu, written around 760 to 780 and considered the world's first book devoted to tea.
Classical antiquity
Classical antiquity: the Greco-Roman era, roughly 800 BCE to 476 CE, centered on the Mediterranean; fragmented Greek city-states, the Roman Empire at its 117 AD peak, its contested legacy, and modern study.
Classical Arabic
Classical Arabic (al-fuṣḥā al-kilāsīkiyya, also called al-ʿarabiyya al-fuṣḥā) is the archaic codified variety of Arabic of the Quran and early poetry, standardized by ninth-century grammarians, the High variety in Arabic diglossia, and the ancestor of Modern Standard Arabic.
Classical Armenian
Classical Armenian, also called Grabar (գրաբար), is the oldest attested form of Armenian, the literary language of the 5th century onward and still the liturgical language of the Armenian Church.
Classical Athens
Classical Athens: the Greek polis of Athens and Attica, 500-323 BCE (Classical period). Known for direct democracy from Cleisthenes' 508/7 reforms, the Delian League empire, metics and slaves, the Parthenon, and the Peloponnesian War with Sparta.
Classical Chinese
Classical Chinese (wenyanwen 文言文), also Literary Sinitic, is the conservative written standard based on Old Chinese used across China, Korea, Japan, and Vietnam until displaced by vernacular writing after the 1919 May Fourth Movement.
Classical conditioning
Classical conditioning, also called Pavlovian or respondent conditioning, is a type of associative learning in which a neutral stimulus paired with a reflex-eliciting stimulus comes to elicit a learned response.
Classical economics
Classical economics, also called classical political economy, is a school of thought built on value, distribution, and surplus, led by Adam Smith, David Ricardo, and Thomas Malthus.
Classical Greece
Classical Greece, ca. 480-323 BC, the era of independent poleis, Athenian democracy, the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars, and the art and philosophy that ended with Macedon and Alexander's death.
Classical Languages of India
Classical Languages of India: a Government of India category created 12 October 2004 with Tamil first; now 11 languages, including Sanskrit, Kannada, Telugu, Malayalam, Odia, and the 2024 additions Marathi, Pali, Prakrit, Assamese, and Bengali.
Classical Latin
Classical Latin: standardized written Latin of the late Republic and early Empire, about 100 BC to AD 150, the elite register of Cicero, Caesar, Virgil, and Horace; the norm against which archaic, late, medieval, and Neo-Latin are defined, ancestor in spoken form of the Romance languages.
Classical liberalism
Classical liberalism: the "old" liberal tradition of Locke, Smith, Hume, and Hayek, defined by individual liberty, private property, limited government, and rule of law; distinguished from twentieth-century social liberalism and from stricter libertarianism.
Classical Prose Movement
The Classical Prose Movement (古文运动) was a Tang-dynasty literary current led by Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan that rejected parallel prose for plain ancient prose.
Classical republicanism
Classical republicanism, also called civic humanism or the neo-Roman tradition, is a political thought tradition from Rome through Machiavelli, Harrington, and the American founders, centered on civic virtue, mixed constitutions, rule of law, and liberty as non-domination.
Classical test theory
Classical test theory (CTT) is a psychometric framework modeling an observed test score as true score plus random error, used to analyze reliability and validity of tests.
Classical treatises on international arbitration
Classical treatises on international arbitration are the scholarly works named in the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica's authorities list, published between 1887 and 1902, documenting a boom in arbitral practice.
Classics Mat (jingyan)
The Classics Mat (jingyan) was the Song dynasty institution of imperial lectures, where Confucian scholars taught the emperor the classics and history; it matured under Emperor Renzong.
Classification of demons
Classification of demons: historical systems ordering evil spirits by rank (Weyer's 69-spirit Pseudomonarchia, Ars Goetia's 72), by sin (Binsfeld 1589), by function, and across Zoroastrian, Islamic, and other traditions.
Classification of ethnicity in the United Kingdom
Classification of ethnicity in the United Kingdom: self-identified ethnic group categories used in UK censuses and official statistics since 1991, with 18 categories in England and Wales, 19 in Scotland, 16 in Northern Ireland, and five high-level groups.
Classification of political ideologies
Classification of political ideologies is how political scientists sort ideologies and place parties and thinkers, using the left–right spectrum and multidimensional alternatives like the ideological compass.
Classification of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
Classification of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas, also called classification of Native Americans, is how states and censuses define and count Indigenous populations across the Americas.