edgepedia

Society and history

127,669 articles

Classifications of fairies

Classifications of fairies: scholarly schemes sorting European folklore's fairy beings by behavior or traits, including trooping versus solitary types, four-fold schemes, and Seelie and Unseelie courts, with noted objections from Purkiss and Firth Green.

Classified advertising

Classified advertising, also called classified ads or want ads, is a form of advertising with short text ads grouped by category in publications, sold by the word or line.

Classified information

Classified information is government information officially determined to require protection against unauthorized disclosure. Covers US levels (Top Secret, Secret, Confidential), UK tiers, clearance and need-to-know access rules, executive orders, declassification, and overclassification.

Classified information in the United States

Classified information in the United States: national security information protected under Executive Order 13526 at three levels (Confidential, Secret, Top Secret), overseen by ISOO, with 10/25-year declassification rules and a documented over-classification problem.

Classplus (Bunch Microtechnologies)

Classplus is an Indian edtech startup based in Noida, operated by Bunch Microtechnologies, whose platform lets coaching institutes run classes and payments through their own branded app.

Classroom

Classroom: a room where teaching and learning occur, from postwar traditional layouts to flexible innovative learning environments; key evidence covers acoustic standards, engagement effects, and hybrid technology trends.

Classroom management

Classroom management: teachers' actions creating environments supporting academic and social-emotional learning. Meta-analyses show small significant effects (g≈0.22–0.23) on student outcomes; preventative strategies and targeted interventions work best.

Claud A. Hatcher

Claud A. Hatcher, also spelled Claude A. Hatcher, was a Columbus, Georgia pharmacist who founded the soft drink company behind RC Cola, building Chero-Cola into 700 bottling plants by 1920.

Claude Allouez

Claude Allouez (Claude-Jean Allouez) was a French Jesuit missionary who worked among Indigenous nations of the western Great Lakes and the Illinois country from 1665 until his death in 1689.

Claude Auchinleck

Claude Auchinleck (1884–1981), British field marshal nicknamed the Auk, commanded Middle East Forces 1941–42, defeated Rommel at Operation Crusader and First El Alamein, then led the Indian Army through Burma support and the 1947 partition.

Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne

Claude George Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne (1855-1944), British landowner at Glamis Castle; father of the Queen Mother, maternal grandfather of Queen Elizabeth II, 1st UK Earl from 1937.

Claude Dablon

Claude Dablon (1619–1697) was a French Jesuit missionary, explorer, and geographer in New France, twice superior-general of its missions and editor of the Jesuit Relations.

Claude Dauphin (commodities trader)

Claude Dauphin was a French commodities trader who co-founded Trafigura in 1993 and built it into one of the world's largest commodity trading houses; he died of cancer in 2015.

Claude Fauchet

Claude Fauchet (1744–1793) was a French Catholic priest and revolutionary orator who helped storm the Bastille, served as constitutional bishop of Calvados, and was guillotined with the Girondins.

Claude Lévi-Strauss

Claude Lévi-Strauss (1908–2009), French structural anthropologist, author of Tristes tropiques and Mythologiques; held the Collège de France Social Anthropology chair 1959–1982.

Claude Littner

Claude Littner is a British business executive known for interrogating candidates on the BBC's The Apprentice, and as chief executive of Tottenham Hotspur from 1993 to 1998.

Claude M. Hilton

Claude M. Hilton (born 1940) is an American jurist and retired US district judge for the Eastern District of Virginia, appointed by Ronald Reagan in 1985.

Claude Martin

Claude Martin (1735–1800) was a French-born officer who served the East India Company and the Nawab of Awadh at Lucknow, and whose will endowed the La Martiniere colleges.

Claude Meisch

Claude Meisch, born 1971 in Pétange, is a Luxembourgish Democratic Party politician who was Mayor of Differdange and has been Minister of Education and Minister of Housing since 2023.

Claude of France

Claude of France (Claude de France, 1499–1524), not the later duchess of Lorraine, was queen consort of Francis I and penultimate duchess of Brittany; married 1514, crowned 1517, seven children, died at Blois at 24.

Claude Pepper

Claude Denson Pepper (1900–1989), Florida Democrat, U.S. senator 1936–1951 and House member 1963–1989; New Deal leader defeated by George Smathers in 1950, later Congress's leading advocate for the elderly.

Claude Steele

Claude Steele, born in 1946, is an American social psychologist at Stanford University, a member of the National Academy of Sciences best known for developing the concept of stereotype threat.

Claude Villeneuve (judge)

Claude Villeneuve is a Canadian jurist who served as a judge of the Superior Court of Quebec for Saint-François and Bedford, seated in Sherbrooke, until 2026.

Claudette Colvin

Claudette Colvin (1939–2026), American civil rights pioneer arrested March 2, 1955 at age 15 for refusing a Montgomery segregated bus seat nine months before Rosa Parks, and plaintiff in Browder v. Gayle.

Claudia A. Wilken

Claudia A. Wilken is a senior United States district judge for the Northern District of California, appointed by President Clinton in 1993 and chief judge from 2012 to 2014.

Claudia Bauer

Claudia Bauer, born 1994 and formerly known publicly as Claudia Plakolm, is an Austrian ÖVP politician serving as Federal Minister for Europe, Integration and Family since 2025.

Claudia De la Cruz

Claudia De la Cruz is an American political organizer, popular educator, and theologian who ran for president in 2024 as the Party for Socialism and Liberation nominee.

Claudia Elif Stutz

Claudia Elif Stutz is a German civil servant and State Secretary at the Federal Ministry of Transport since May 2025, with over 20 years in public administration.

Claudia Goldin

Claudia Goldin (born 1946) is a Harvard economic historian and labor economist, 2023 Nobel laureate in economic sciences and first solo woman winner, known for the U-shaped female labor force curve, the pill's career effects, and the temporal-flexibility explanation of the gender pay gap.

Claudia Jones

Claudia Jones, born Claudia Vera Cumberbatch (1915–1964), was a Trinidad-born Communist journalist deported during the McCarthy era who founded the West Indian Gazette in London.