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Cofradías de indios
Cofradías de indios were lay Catholic brotherhoods for indigenous people in colonial Spanish America, founded from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century and combining worship, mutual aid, and festivals.
Cogito, ergo sum
Cogito, ergo sum: Latin for "I think, therefore I am," Descartes' first indubitable certainty. First in French in the 1637 Discourse; Latin form in Principles (1644); not expressly in the Meditations, which read ego sum, ego existo.
Cognate
In linguistics, cognates are words in different languages that descend from a common ancestral form rather than being borrowed, such as English brother, Latin frater, and Sanskrit bhrātṛ-.
Cognism
Cognism is a London-based B2B sales intelligence company founded in 2015 that sells compliance-first contact and intent data, best known for its phone-verified Diamond Data database.
Cognition
Cognition is the set of mental processes, perception, memory, reasoning, judgment, language, problem solving, by which a mind acquires and uses information; studied by cognitive psychology since the 1950s cognitive revolution.
Cognitive apprenticeship
Cognitive apprenticeship is a teaching framework that makes expert thinking visible through modeling, coaching, scaffolding, and fading, introduced by Allan Collins, John Seely Brown, and Susan E. Newman in 1987.
Cognitive bias
Cognitive bias: systematic deviation from norm or rationality in judgment, arising from heuristics; studied since Kahneman and Tversky's 1970s heuristics-and-biases program; heavily documented in medical diagnosis; countered through cognitive and technological debiasing interventions.
Cognitive bias modification
Cognitive bias modification (CBM) is a family of computerized training procedures that repeatedly practice attention or interpretation patterns to reduce maladaptive biases implicated in anxiety, depression, and addiction.
Cognitive development
Cognitive development is the growth of thinking abilities, including perception and problem-solving. While Jean Piaget defined stages, the prefrontal cortex continues to mature past puberty.
Cognitive dissonance
Cognitive dissonance, introduced by Leon Festinger in 1957, is the aversive arousal from inconsistent cognitions, studied via induced compliance, effort justification, and free-choice paradigms, driving attitude change, selective exposure, and health and political applications.
Cognitive Failures Questionnaire
The Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ) is a 25-item self-report questionnaire that measures minor everyday lapses in memory, attention, and action, introduced by D. E. Broadbent and colleagues in 1982.
Cognitive interview
The cognitive interview is a forensic interviewing technique introduced in 1984 that increases accurate witness recall through context reinstatement, varied retrieval routes, and open-ended questioning.
Cognitive load
Cognitive load: the demand a task places on limited working memory; central concept of Sweller's cognitive load theory (intrinsic, extraneous, germane load) and of mental workload measurement via subjective, performance, and physiological methods.
Cognitive neuropsychology
Cognitive neuropsychology studies human cognition through brain pathology, imaging, stimulation, recording, and developmental deficits. Key facts: journal founded 1984 by Max Coltheart; domains span language, memory, attention; distinct from cognitive neuroscience and clinical neuropsychology.
Cognitive processing
Cognitive processing: mental handling of information (perception, attention, memory, language, reasoning); also Cognitive Processing, Springer's International Quarterly of Cognitive Science, ISSN 1612-4782, founded 2000, edited by Marta Olivetti Belardinelli.
Cognitive science
Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary study of mind and intelligence, uniting psychology, neuroscience, linguistics, philosophy, anthropology, and artificial intelligence around the idea that thought is computation over mental representations.
Cognitive task analysis
Cognitive task analysis (CTA) is a set of methods for identifying the mental processes experts use during tasks, informing the design of training and interfaces.
Cognitive warfare
Cognitive warfare is a concept in security studies concerned with efforts to influence or disrupt how individuals and groups perceive information, form judgments, and make decisions. Its focus extends beyond the content.
Cognitivism (psychology)
Cognitivism is the school of psychology holding that internal mental processes such as thinking, language, and memory are real and open to scientific study, emerging in the 1950s and 1960s as behaviorism declined.
Cognito Therapeutics
Cognito Therapeutics is a Cambridge, Massachusetts neurotechnology company founded in 2016 by MIT neuroscientists Ed Boyden and Li-Huei Tsai to develop the Spectris device for Alzheimer's disease.
Cognomen
Cognomen: the third name of a Roman citizen in the tria nomina, after praenomen and nomen; originally a nickname, later hereditary within noble families; source of English 'cognomen' meaning surname or nickname.
Cognosante; Kynisca
Cognosante and Kynisca are two organizations founded by Michele Kang: a federal health IT firm sold to Accenture in 2024, and the first multi-team global women's football organization.
Cogstate Brief Battery
The Cogstate Brief Battery (CBB) is a computerized neuropsychological test using playing-card stimuli that measures psychomotor function, attention, working memory, and visual learning in about 10 to 25 minutes.
Cohabitation
Cohabitation is an arrangement in which an unmarried couple share a household as an intimate partnership, now the normal way most couples in many countries begin shared lives.
Cohabitation agreement
Cohabitation agreement: a legal contract between unmarried people living together, covering finances, property, children and next of kin. Also used by non-romantic households; valid in England and Wales when made as a deed and signed.
Cohabitation in the United Kingdom
Cohabitation in the United Kingdom is living together without marriage, a growing trend that currently provides no automatic property or inheritance rights in England and Wales.
Cohabs
Cohabs is a Brussels-based coliving startup founded in 2016 that buys and operates shared houses of furnished rooms, reaching 2,700 rooms across nine cities by 2024.
Coherence (fairness)
Coherence in apportionment theory, from Balinski and Young, is the fairness requirement that a seat allocation's parts match the method's solutions for subproblems; the Coherence Theorem shows only divisor methods are coherent.
Coherence theory of truth
The coherence theory of truth holds that a proposition is true if it coheres with a specified set of propositions rather than corresponding to objective features of the world.
Coherus BioSciences
Coherus BioSciences, formerly BioGenerics, was a Redwood City, California biopharmaceutical company founded in 2010 that built biosimilars like UDENYCA before selling them and becoming Coherus Oncology in 2025.