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Confirmation bias
Confirmation bias, also called myside bias, is the tendency to seek, interpret, and remember information that supports existing beliefs while discounting contradictory evidence. Peter Wason first demonstrated it experimentally in 1960.
Confirmation in the Catholic Church
Confirmation in the Catholic Church, also called Catholic confirmation, is a sacrament of Christian initiation that completes baptismal grace through anointing with chrism on the forehead, ordinarily by a bishop.
Confiscation of church valuables
The confiscation of church valuables (Изъятие церковных ценностей) was a 1922 Soviet campaign to seize gold, silver, and precious stones from churches, officially to fund famine relief.
Confiscation of Russian central bank funds
Confiscation of Russian central bank funds: the proposed seizure of roughly $280–300 billion in Central Bank of Russia assets immobilized by G7, EU, and Australian measures after February 2022, held mostly at Euroclear, with profits funding Ukraine's $50 billion ERA loan while full confiscation remains debated.
Conflict (process)
Conflict (process): the staged sequence by which conflict arises and resolves, modeled by Kenneth Thomas (frustration, conceptualization, behavior, outcome) and a five-stage variant, with five handling modes, functional or dysfunctional outcomes, and third-party mediation.
Conflict between Köke Temür and Bolod Temür
The conflict between Köke Temür and Bolod Temür (擴廓帖木兒與孛羅帖木兒之爭) was a Yuan dynasty court struggle in which Bolod Temür seized the capital and controlled the court for about a year.
Conflict management
Conflict management is the early, proactive handling of workplace disagreements before they grow into formal disputes, using five styles defined by assertiveness and cooperativeness, aiming at productive handling rather than elimination.
Conflict minerals
Conflict minerals are tin, tantalum, tungsten, and gold whose trade finances armed groups in conflict-affected areas such as the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan
The Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan, also called the Book of Adam and Eve, is a Christian pseudepigraphic retelling of Genesis from Eden to Christ.
Conflict of contract laws
Conflict of contract laws, or contractual choice of law, decides which jurisdiction's law governs a multi-jurisdiction contract. Key rules: Restatement (Second) §187, UCC reasonable-relation test, party autonomy limits, and choice of law clauses.
Conflict of divorce laws
Conflict of divorce laws governs which court grants a divorce, which law applies, and recognition of foreign decrees. Also called private international family law; the US applies forum law via domicile-based jurisdiction, while the EU's Rome III uses party choice of law.
Conflict of interest
Conflict of interest: a situation where judgment in a primary role could be unduly influenced by a secondary interest such as financial gain or personal ties. Also called COI; includes perceived and potential conflicts; managed by disclosure, recusal, oversight, or divestiture.
Conflict of laws
Conflict of laws, or private international law, determines which jurisdiction's law applies, which court hears a case, and whether foreign judgments are recognized. Key instruments include the Hague Conference conventions and the EU's Rome I and Rome II regulations.
Conflict of laws in marital agreements
Conflict of laws in marital agreements is the private international law field deciding which State's law governs a prenuptial agreement and whether foreign courts enforce it.
Conflict of marriage laws
Conflict of marriage laws is the private international law field governing which law decides a marriage's validity and recognition across borders, using lex loci celebrationis, domicile for capacity, and the public policy exception, notably in same-sex marriage cases.
Conflict resolution
Conflict resolution: the process and interdisciplinary field (conflict analysis and resolution, peace research) by which disputing parties reach agreement through negotiation, mediation, arbitration, and UN Charter peaceful-settlement methods.
Conflict Tactics Scale
The Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS) is a self-report questionnaire measuring how family members or intimate partners handle conflict, scoring reasoning, verbal aggression, and physical violence.
Conflict theories
Conflict theories: sociological frameworks explaining order and politics through structural power divisions and resource inequality rather than value consensus, rooted in Marx, Weber, and Simmel, reformulated by Coser, Dahrendorf, and Mills, spanning materialist, elite, race, feminist, and cultural variants.
Conflict with jus cogens
Conflict with jus cogens voids a treaty under Article 53 of the 1969 Vienna Convention, and a new peremptory norm terminates an existing treaty under Article 64.
Confo Therapeutics
Confo Therapeutics is a clinical-stage Belgian biotechnology company in Ghent, founded in 2015 as a VUB and VIB spin-off, that discovers GPCR-targeting medicines using its ConfoBody antibody platform.
Conformal Medical
Conformal Medical is a Nashua, New Hampshire medical device company founded in 2016 that developed the investigational CLAAS AcuFORM System for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation.
ConforMIS
ConforMIS was a Massachusetts medical device company, founded in 2004, that made patient-specific knee and hip replacement implants designed from each patient's CT scan; it was acquired by restor3d in 2023.
Conformity
Conformity is the adjustment of opinions or actions to match others or group norms, driven by normative and informational influence, studied since Asch's 1951 line experiments and applied in social norms interventions.
Confraternities in Nigeria
Confraternities in Nigeria, also called campus cults, are student fraternal groups founded from 1952 at Ibadan, including Black Axe, Eiye, and Vikings, now linked to violence, organized crime, and a 1990 national ban.
Confrontation Clause
Confrontation Clause: the Sixth Amendment guarantee that a criminal defendant may confront witnesses against him. Also covers testimonial hearsay under Crawford v. Washington (2004), which overruled Ohio v. Roberts and requires unavailability plus prior cross-examination.
Confucian Household Registration System (Ruhu)
The Confucian household registration system (儒户, ruhu) was a Yuan dynasty special register that exempted Confucian scholar families from corvée labor, later continued under the Ming dynasty.
Confucianism (儒家)
Confucianism (儒家, Rujia) is the Chinese ethical-political school founded by Confucius, centered on ren (仁) and ritual; it became Han state ideology, produced Song-Ming Neo-Confucianism, and spread across Korea, Vietnam, Japan, and Southeast Asia.
Confucianism in Goryeo
Confucianism in Goryeo (918–1392) served as the political ideology and educational backbone of the Korean dynasty, coexisting with Buddhism and culminating in the late-Goryeo reception of Neo-Confucianism through Yuan China.
Confucius
Confucius (孔子, Kongzi, 551–479 BCE), Chinese teacher and philosopher of the Spring and Autumn period from Lu state; founder of Confucianism, whose sayings in the Analects center on ren and li and shaped East Asian thought for over two millennia.
Confucius as minister of justice in Lu and the Jiagu meeting
The Jiagu meeting (夹谷之会) was a summit between Duke Ding of Lu and Duke Jing of Qi at Jiagu, where Confucius, as Lu's ceremony assistant, confronted Qi's armed performers.