Society and history

Confucius Institute

Confucius Institute (孔子学院), China's university-hosted Chinese language and culture centers founded in 2004 under Hanban, reorganized into CIEF and CLEC in 2020; over 500 existed worldwide by 2018, but nearly all U.S. institutes have since closed.

Confucius's execution of Shaozheng Mao (孔子诛少正卯)

Confucius's execution of Shaozheng Mao (孔子诛少正卯) is a traditional episode in which Confucius, as a minister of Lu, executed the grandee Shaozheng Mao seven days after taking office.

Conga mining conflict

The Conga mining conflict was a dispute over a proposed gold and copper mine in Cajamarca, Peru, pitting Minera Yanacocha against communities over water, peaking in deadly 2012 protests.

Congestion pricing

Congestion pricing, or congestion charging, charges drivers a fee for using roads at congested times and places, so prices reflect more of each trip's social cost.

Conglomerate (company)

A conglomerate is a corporation in which one company controls several businesses that operate separately and independently, sometimes in unrelated industries; the form was once more common in the United States.

Oct 10, 2026

Conglomerate diversification

Conglomerate diversification is a corporate strategy in which a company expands into unrelated industries by acquisition or merger, dominant in the 1960s US merger wave.

Sep 25, 2026

Congmazhi

Congmazhi (从马直) was the personal guard corps of the Later Tang emperor, created by Emperor Zhuangzong from his armies' bravest soldiers; its commander Guo Congqian led the 926 mutiny that killed him.

Congo Arab war

The Congo Arab war was fought from 1892 to 1894 between Leopold II's Congo Free State and Zanzibari Arab and Swahili trader-rulers of the eastern Congo.

Congo Crisis

The Congo Crisis (1960–1965), also known as the Congo Crisis and Katanga secession period, was post-independence political collapse in the former Belgian Congo after 30 June 1960: army mutiny, Katanga's secession, the ONUC peacekeeping operation, Lumumba's assassination, and Mobutu's 1965 coup.

Congo Free State

The Congo Free State (État indépendant du Congo), 1885–1908, was King Leopold II of Belgium's personal African state, run from Brussels for rubber and ivory through forced labor, and ceded to Belgium in 1908 after the Congo Reform campaign.

Congo Free State land and labor decrees

The Congo Free State land and labor decrees were laws issued by Leopold II between 1885 and 1903 that made vacant land state property and required Congolese labor.

Congo Free State land decree of 1885

The Congo Free State land decree of 1885 (Décret du 1er juillet 1885) declared vacant land in the Congo state property, becoming the legal basis for the red rubber regime.

Congo Reform Association

The Congo Reform Association was a British campaigning organization founded by E. D. Morel in 1904 to end King Leopold II's rule over the Congo Free State.

Congo River Alliance

Congo River Alliance (Alliance Fleuve Congo, AFC): politico-military coalition founded 15 December 2023 in Nairobi by Corneille Nangaa, uniting M23, other armed groups, and 17 parties against the Tshisekedi government; EU-sanctioned, absorbed into Kabila's FRN in 2026.

Oct 10, 2026

Congolese franc

The Congolese franc (CDF, franc congolais) is the official currency of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, introduced on 30 June 1998 to replace the new zaïre.

Congregación

A congregación was a planned settlement of indigenous people in colonial New Spain, created by forcibly consolidating scattered native communities into pueblos, with major campaigns from 1550.

Congregation of Christian Brothers

The Congregation of Christian Brothers, also called the Irish Christian Brothers, is a Catholic institute of religious brothers founded by Edmund Ignatius Rice in Waterford, Ireland, in 1802.

Congregational polity

Congregational polity, also called Congregationalist church governance, is the church government in which final authority rests with the local congregation, unlike episcopal or presbyterian systems.

Congress

Congress: bicameral U.S. national legislature (House of Representatives and Senate) created by Article I in 1787; Great Compromise representation, power of the purse, impeachment trials, colonial roots in the 1619 Virginia assembly.

Congress of 1824

The Congress of 1824 (Congreso General Constituyente de 1824) was the constituent assembly of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, meeting in Buenos Aires from 1824 to 1827.

Congress of Angostura

The Congress of Angostura (Congreso de Angostura) was Venezuela's second constituent congress, installed by Simón Bolívar at Angostura on 15 February 1819 and sitting until 1821.

Congress of Arras

Congress of Arras (1435): peace congress at Arras ending the Armagnac-Burgundian civil war; Treaty of Arras (21 September 1435) drew Philip the Good from England to Charles VII, ceding Mâcon, Auxerre, and Somme towns.

Congress of Berlin

The Congress of Berlin (June 13–July 13, 1878), with Bismarck as 'honest broker,' gathered the six great powers and the Ottoman Empire to revise the Treaty of San Stefano, producing the Treaty of Berlin that reshaped the Balkans.

Congress of Chilpancingo

The Congress of Chilpancingo (Congreso de Chilpancingo), also called the Congress of Anáhuac, was the insurgent assembly convoked by José María Morelos that proclaimed Mexico's independence from Spain in 1813 and produced the Constitution of Apatzingán.