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Crusades
The Crusades: papally authorized religious wars from Urban II's 1095 Clermont sermon, through the 1099 capture of Jerusalem, the crusader states of Outremer, and the 1204 sack of Constantinople, to the fall of Acre in 1291 and crusading's later forms against Ottoman Turks.
Crush fetish
Crush fetish: sexual arousal from crushing; its animal-harming form, animal crush videos, is banned in the US under 18 U.S.C. § 48 (1999, 2010, PACT 2019), penalty up to 7 years.
Crushing (execution)
Crushing (execution), or pressing to death, is a capital punishment in English law. It involved placing weights on the body of a felon who refused to plead.
Cruthin
Cruthin (Irish Cruithin/Cruithni), an early medieval people of Ulster named alongside Picti in Irish annals; groups such as Dál nAraidi; defeated by Uí Néill in 563; name fades by the 8th century; contested Pict link.
Cruz Reynoso
Cruz Reynoso (1931–2021) was an American judge and civil rights lawyer, the first Latino justice of the California Supreme Court (1982–1987), removed in the 1986 retention election, later U.S. Commission on Civil Rights vice chair and UC Davis law professor, and 2000 Presidential Medal of Freedom recipient.
Cry of Dolores
Cry of Dolores (Grito de Dolores), Miguel Hidalgo's September 16, 1810 call to arms from Dolores, Guanajuato, that launched Mexico's war of independence; exact words unknown, reenacted by the president each September 15.
Cry of Pugad Lawin
Cry of Pugad Lawin, also called Cry of Balintawak, is the 1896 tearing of cedulas by Bonifacio's Katipunan that began the Philippine Revolution; its date and site remain disputed, officially fixed at August 23, Pugad Lawin, Quezon City, since 1963.
Crying
Crying: shedding tears with vocalization in response to emotional stimuli; emotional tears are uniquely human. Covers lacrimal-gland origin, Frey's disproven toxin theory, social-glue effects (d = 0.49), gender and cultural differences, and mood effects.
Crypt of Civilization
Crypt of Civilization: sealed millennial time capsule room at Oglethorpe University, Atlanta, conceived by Thornwell Jacobs, sealed 1940, to be opened 8113 A.D., holding 640,000+ microfilmed pages and 1930s artifacts.
Cryptanalysis of the Enigma
Cryptanalysis of the Enigma: Polish mathematicians Rejewski, Różycki, and Zygalski first broke the German Enigma cipher in December 1932; methods passed to Britain and France in July 1939 enabled Bletchley Park and U.S. Navy Bombe decryption through World War II.
Crypteia (κρυπτεία)
Crypteia (κρυπτεία, Krypteia) was a Spartan institution of the agoge in which selected young men hid in the countryside; sources describe it either as an endurance test (Plato) or helot-killing (Aristotle, Plutarch), and modern scholars debate its true nature.
Crypto Snack
Crypto Snack is a crypto company founded in 2021 by Stuart Morrison that issues the $SNACK utility token for iGaming payments and rewards, and is headquartered in Barcelona.
Crypto-fascism
Crypto-fascism (cryptofascism) means secretly holding fascist views, a pejorative English term recorded 1925–30; second neologism sense: far-right embrace of cryptocurrency. Related to dog whistles and crypto-authoritarianism.
Crypto-Judaism
Crypto-Judaism is the secret practice of Judaism by people who publicly professed another religion, most often Christianity, after forced conversion in Iberia; its bearers are called conversos.
Crypto.com
Crypto.com is a cryptocurrency exchange and payments company, organized under a Cayman Islands holding company, offering spot and derivatives trading, Visa payment cards, staking products, and prediction markets.
Cryptocurrency
Cryptocurrency, also called a cryptoasset, is a digital representation of value secured by cryptography and recorded on distributed ledgers; Bitcoin, launched in 2009, remains the largest, with the market reaching trillions of dollars.
Cryptocurrency bubble
A cryptocurrency bubble, or crypto bubble, is a period when crypto prices rise super-exponentially and then collapse, as in 2017–18, when Bitcoin lost over $200 billion in market value.
Cryptocurrency exchange
A cryptocurrency exchange, also called a crypto exchange or digital currency exchange, is a marketplace where customers trade cryptocurrencies for money or one another, with operators typically holding customer assets.
Cryptocurrency in the second Trump presidency
Cryptocurrency policy in the second Trump presidency: EO 14178 (January 2025), the Strategic Bitcoin Reserve, the GENIUS Act stablecoin law, DOJ and SEC enforcement pullback, the stalled Clarity Act, and Trump's over $1.4 billion crypto income.
Cryptomnesia
Cryptomnesia, also called inadvertent or unconscious plagiarism, is a source-monitoring memory error in which a person presents a previously encountered idea as an original thought. Coined by Flournoy, first demonstrated experimentally by Brown and Murphy in 1989.
Cryptophasia
Cryptophasia, also called autonomous language or idioglossia, is a private language developed between twins, unintelligible to outsiders; reported in about 40% of twins but usually a distorted version of the ambient language, not an independent one.
Cryptoterrestrial hypothesis
The cryptoterrestrial hypothesis (CTH) holds that some UAP come from non-human intelligences hidden on or near Earth, not from space. Developed by Mac Tonnies, academically framed by Lomas, Case & Masters in 2024; no verified physical evidence exists.
Cryptozoology
Cryptozoology is the study of hidden animals, or cryptids, founded around Bernard Heuvelmans' 1955 book On the Track of Unknown Animals. Generally regarded as a pseudoscience, it relies on testimonial and circumstantial evidence, and no pre-designated cryptid has been scientifically documented.
Crystal ball
A crystal ball, also called a shew stone or orbuculum, is a sphere of polished quartz, beryl, or glass used for scrying, the divination of distant or future events.
Crystal Eastman
Crystal Eastman (1881-1928), American labor lawyer, suffragist, pacifist, and socialist; drafted the first US workers' compensation law, co-founded the National Woman's Party, Woman's Peace Party, and ACLU, and co-authored the Equal Rights Amendment with Alice Paul.
Crystal Lett
Crystal Lett is an American politician serving as a Democratic member of the Ohio House of Representatives from the 11th district, representing Dublin and Hilliard since 2025.
Crystal Mangum
Crystal Gail Mangum falsely accused three Duke lacrosse players of rape in 2006; the case collapsed, prosecutor Nifong was disbarred, she was convicted of murder in 2013, recanted in 2024, and was released in 2026.
Crystal Peoples-Stokes
Crystal D. Peoples-Stokes is an American Democratic politician representing Buffalo's 141st District in the New York State Assembly since 2003, and its Majority Leader from December 2018.
Crystal skull
Crystal skulls are quartz carvings of human skulls, around a dozen known, falsely sold as Aztec, Maya, or Mixtec antiquities. SEM and X-ray analysis show modern rotary-tool manufacture in 19th-century Europe and 1950s Mexico.
Cs Strategic Partners
CS Strategic Partners was the fund-vehicle program of Strategic Partners, the secondary private equity business founded within Credit Suisse in 2000 and sold to Blackstone in 2013.