Artificial intelligence and data

Personal Information Protection Act (South Korea)

The Personal Information Protection Act (개인정보 보호법, PIPA) is South Korea's comprehensive data protection law, enacted in 2011 to govern personal information processing by public institutions and private companies.

Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act

The Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act, known as PIPEDA, is Canada's federal private-sector privacy law, enacted in 2000 and administered by the Office of the Privacy Commissioner.

Personal Information Protection Law (China)

The Personal Information Protection Law (中华人民共和国个人信息保护法, PIPL) is China's first comprehensive data privacy law, adopted in August 2021 and effective 1 November 2021, regulating how personal information is collected and used.

Personalization

Personalization is the tailoring of content, offers, prices, or experiences to an individual user by a system, distinct from customization, where the user makes the change.

Perspective-n-Point

Perspective-n-Point (PnP) is the computer vision problem of estimating a calibrated camera's position and orientation from correspondences between known 3D points and their 2D image projections.

Pfam

Pfam is a database of protein families and domains, first described in 1997, that uses profile hidden Markov models to identify domains in protein sequences.

pgvector

pgvector is an open-source PostgreSQL extension for vector similarity search, created by Andrew Kane in 2021, which adds a vector data type, distance functions, and HNSW and IVFFlat indexes.

Phase field model

A phase field model is a continuum simulation method that represents evolving microstructures, such as growing dendrites, by continuous order-parameter fields rather than explicitly tracked interfaces.

Phase-field fracture model

The phase-field fracture model is a computational mechanics method that simulates crack initiation and propagation in solids by representing cracks with a continuous scalar damage field.

Philippine national identity card

The Philippine national identity card, also known as the PhilSys ID, is the official credential of the Philippine Identification System, created by a law signed in 2018.

Philippine passport

The Philippine passport, also called the Filipino passport, is the travel document issued to Filipino citizens by the Department of Foreign Affairs for international travel.

Oct 22, 2026

PhiSNet

PhiSNet is an SE(3)-equivariant neural network introduced by Unke and colleagues in 2021 that predicts molecular wavefunctions, Hamiltonian matrices, and electronic densities directly from molecular geometry.

Phoneme recognition

Phoneme recognition is the task of identifying phonemes, the distinct sound units of a language, in speech audio, forming the acoustic core of automatic speech recognition.

Photogrammetry

Photogrammetry builds 3D models, point clouds, and orthophotos from overlapping photographs taken from many positions, and is used in surveying, geology, archaeology, and underwater exploration.

Photometric stereo

Photometric stereo is a computer vision method that recovers surface normals and albedo from multiple images taken with a fixed camera under different lighting directions.

Photonic neural network

A photonic neural network is a neural network built from optical components like Mach-Zehnder interferometers, so light rather than electronics performs the linear operations of machine learning.

PhpMyAdmin

phpMyAdmin is a free, open-source web application written in PHP for administering MySQL and MariaDB servers from a browser, first released by Tobias Ratschiller in 1998.

Physical artificial intelligence

Physical artificial intelligence, or physical AI, is artificial intelligence embedded in machines that sense, decide, and act in the physical world, including robots, autonomous vehicles, and drones.

Physics-guided deep learning

Physics-guided deep learning trains neural networks to respect physical laws, typically partial differential equations or conservation laws, by adding physics-based terms to the training objective.

Physics-guided machine learning

Physics-guided machine learning is a family of methods that train models under physical laws or simulation data, keeping predictions consistent with governing equations while fitting noisy, sparse observations.

Physics-guided neural network

A physics-guided neural network (PGNN) is a neural network trained partly with physical laws, introduced in 2017 by Arka Daw and colleagues for lake temperature prediction.

Physics-informed deep learning

Physics-informed deep learning trains neural networks to fit data while satisfying physical laws, usually partial differential equations, so models match observations and obey governing equations.

Physics-informed machine learning

Physics-informed machine learning (PIML) embeds physical laws such as partial differential equations into machine learning training, so predictions respect known physics while fitting sparse or noisy data.

Pinecone

Pinecone is a vector database company founded in 2019 by Edo Liberty, formerly of AWS and Yahoo, offering a fully managed cloud service for searching vector embeddings.

Pinhole camera model

The pinhole camera model, also called pinhole projection, is the standard mathematical model of image formation in computer vision, treating a camera as an ideal aperture.

Pivot table

A pivot table is a spreadsheet feature that rearranges and summarizes a data table in many ways, invented by Pito Salas at Lotus in 1986.

Pivot-based translation

Pivot-based translation is a machine translation method that translates between languages through an intermediate pivot language, usually English, and remains a standard technique for low-resource language pairs that lack parallel training data.

Pix2Pix

Pix2Pix is a conditional generative adversarial network, presented by UC Berkeley researchers in 2016, that learns to translate images from one domain to another using paired examples.

PL/SQL

PL/SQL (Procedural Language/Structured Query Language) is Oracle's procedural extension to SQL, released in 1991, letting developers declare variables, control program flow, and trap runtime errors.