3,135 articles
PubMed
PubMed is a free search engine and database of biomedical and life sciences literature, with over 40 million citations, run by the National Library of Medicine since 1996.
PubMed Central
PubMed Central is a free full-text archive of biomedical and life sciences journal literature run by the National Library of Medicine, online since 2000 and holding more than 10 million articles.
Pulse-coupled neural network
A pulse-coupled neural network (PCNN) is a single-layer network of integrate-and-fire neurons, one per image pixel, that converts images into pulse outputs without training and is used in image segmentation and fusion.
Pulse-frequency modulation
Pulse-frequency modulation (PFM) is an encoding method that represents a signal's magnitude as the repetition rate of identical pulses, used in neuromorphic computing and switching regulators.
PyTorch
PyTorch is an open-source Python library for tensor computation with GPU acceleration and deep neural networks, launched in January 2017 and now a primary platform for AI research.
Qdrant
Qdrant is an open-source vector database written in Rust that stores and searches high-dimensional embeddings, founded in Berlin in 2021 by André Zayarni and Andrey Vasnetsov.
Qhull
Qhull is an open-source C library and command-line program that computes convex hulls, Delaunay triangulations, Voronoi diagrams, and halfspace intersections in general dimension, implementing the Quickhull algorithm published in 1996.
Qlik
Qlik, formerly QlikTech International, is a software company founded in 1993 in Lund, Sweden, best known for its associative data engine and the QlikView and Qlik Sense analytics platforms.
QM9
QM9 is a quantum-chemistry dataset published in 2014 with computed geometric, energetic, electronic, and thermodynamic properties for about 134,000 small organic molecules of C, H, O, N, and F.
QSAR model
A quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) model predicts a chemical compound's biological activity or properties from molecular descriptors, and is used in drug discovery and chemical-safety assessment.
Quadtree
A quadtree, or quadtree decomposition, is a tree data structure in which each node has four children, one per quadrant, used for spatial indexing and image encoding.
Qualitative reasoning
Qualitative reasoning is a family of artificial intelligence methods that predicts the behavior of physical systems using signs and ordinal values instead of precise numbers.
Quantization-aware large model inference
Quantization-aware large model inference runs large language models with weights at 8-bit or 4-bit precision, cutting memory and cost while keeping accuracy close to full precision.
Quantization-aware training
Quantization-aware training (QAT) is a neural network technique that simulates low-precision quantization during training or fine-tuning, so models stay accurate when deployed in low-bit integer form; it typically outperforms post-training quantization at low precisions.
Quantum circuit optimization
Quantum circuit optimization is a family of methods in quantum computing that rewrite circuits into equivalent ones with fewer gates or fewer qubits, vital on noisy hardware.
Quantum circuit simulation
Quantum circuit simulation is the classical computation of quantum circuit outputs; an N-qubit state vector needs 2^N amplitudes, so a 16 GB machine caps out near 30 qubits.
Quantum computing
Quantum computing is computing with qubits, which exploit superposition and entanglement to solve problems classical computers handle poorly; today's error-prone machines aim at molecular simulation and cryptography.
Quantum convolutional neural network
A quantum convolutional neural network (QCNN) is a variational quantum machine learning model introduced by Cong, Choi, and Lukin in Nature Physics in 2019, using O(log N) parameters.
Quantum error correction
Quantum error correction, also known as quantum code, protects quantum information by encoding logical qubits across many physical qubits so errors can be fixed without destroying data.
Quantum federated learning
Quantum federated learning is a distributed machine learning method, proposed in 2021, in which clients train quantum models locally and a server aggregates parameter updates into a global model.
Quantum Fourier transform
The quantum Fourier transform (QFT) is a quantum algorithm applying the discrete Fourier transform to a quantum state's amplitudes, used in Shor's algorithm and phase estimation.
Quantum genetic algorithm
A quantum genetic algorithm is an evolutionary optimization method that encodes candidate solutions as quantum-inspired probabilistic bits, updated by rotation gates, and runs on ordinary classical computers.
Quantum logic gate
A quantum logic gate, or quantum gate, is a reversible unitary operation applied to one or more qubits, unlike irreversible classical gates such as AND.
Quantum natural language processing
Quantum natural language processing (QNLP) is a research field that runs NLP models on quantum computers; its main framework, DisCoCat, maps grammar onto quantum circuits.
Quantum reinforcement learning
Quantum reinforcement learning (QRL) is a machine learning approach combining reinforcement learning with quantum computing, first framed in a 2008 paper by Daoyi Dong and colleagues.
Quantum simulation
Quantum simulation is the approximate computational solution of the Schrödinger equation for molecules and materials, used in quantum chemistry and condensed matter physics; Feynman proposed quantum-computer simulation in 1982.
Quantum walk
A quantum walk is the quantum-mechanical counterpart of a classical random walk, coming in discrete-time and continuous-time forms and powering quantum algorithms for search and graph problems.
Quantum-behaved particle swarm optimization
Quantum-behaved particle swarm optimization (QPSO) is a metaheuristic for continuous optimization that models particles as quantum entities in a delta potential well, introduced by Jun Sun, Bin Feng, and Wenbo Xu in 2004.
Quantum-inspired optimization
Quantum-inspired optimization is a class of classical algorithms borrowing quantum phenomena such as superposition, tunneling, and annealing to solve optimization problems, running entirely on conventional hardware.
Query by example
Query by example (QBE) is a retrieval method in which the user supplies a specimen, such as an image or a filled-in record, and the system returns matching items.