38 articles
Anion redox
Anion redox is a charge-compensation mechanism in battery cathodes that stores charge on oxide anions (O²⁻) as well as transition-metal cations, enabling higher energy density in Li-rich and Na-rich oxides.
Cobalt-free cathode
A cobalt-free cathode is a lithium-ion battery positive electrode with no cobalt, replacing cobalt-bearing NMC and NCA chemistries to cut cost, toxicity, and supply-chain risk.
Cobalt-free LNMO spinel cathode
The cobalt-free LNMO spinel cathode, LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4, is a lithium-ion battery cathode that discharges at 4.7 V for high energy density, using manganese and nickel instead of cobalt.
Conversion-type cathode
A conversion-type cathode is a battery positive electrode that stores charge by breaking down and reforming its host compound, storing 2 to 3 lithium per metal instead of less than one.
Direct cathode upcycling
Direct cathode upcycling is a battery-recycling approach that repairs and upgrades a spent lithium-ion cathode's chemistry while keeping its crystal structure, converting low-nickel into nickel-rich material.
Direct recycling
Direct recycling is a lithium-ion battery recycling method that recovers and regenerates cathode material intact, preserving its crystal structure and avoiding energy-intensive metal extraction and resynthesis.
Disordered rock salt
Disordered rock salt (DRX) is a class of lithium-ion battery cathode materials in which lithium and transition-metal cations randomly share one lattice, promising high cobalt-free capacity since the mid-2010s.
Full concentration gradient cathode
The full concentration gradient (FCG) cathode is a lithium-ion battery cathode particle in which nickel decreases and manganese rises continuously from core to surface, combining high capacity with stability.
High-entropy cathode
A high-entropy cathode is a battery positive-electrode material in which five or more elements share active cation sites in near-equiatomic proportions, stabilized by high configurational entropy.
High-entropy layered oxide cathodes
High-entropy layered oxide cathodes (HELOs) are battery cathode materials in which five or more cation species share a layered oxide sublattice, stabilizing the structure during cycling.
Iron fluoride
Iron fluoride, mainly iron(III) fluoride (FeF₃) and iron(II) fluoride (FeF₂), is a conversion-type cathode material for lithium-ion batteries whose multi-electron reactions give far higher theoretical capacity than conventional cathodes.
Iron phosphate
Iron phosphate, FePO₄, is an inorganic compound serving as the iron and phosphorus source for lithium iron phosphate (LFP) battery cathodes, now a commodity-scale battery intermediate with purity and cost shaping the supply chain.
Lithium cobalt oxide
Lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO₂, commonly abbreviated LCO) is a layered oxide cathode reported in 1980 by John B. Goodenough's team at Oxford and commercialized by Sony in 1991.
Lithium cobalt phosphate
Lithium cobalt phosphate (LiCoPO₄) is an inorganic phosphate used as a high-voltage cathode material for lithium-ion batteries, delivering about 4.8 V and a theoretical energy density of 800 Wh kg⁻¹, though it remains uncommercialized.
Lithium iron phosphate
Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4, abbreviated LFP) is a lithium-ion battery cathode material prized for safety, long cycle life, and low cost, with no cobalt or nickel.
Lithium manganese iron phosphate
Lithium manganese iron phosphate, or LMFP, is a cathode material for lithium-ion batteries, first commercialized in 2024, that raises energy density 15–20% over LFP at similar cost.
Lithium manganese phosphate
Lithium manganese phosphate (LiMnPO4, or LMP) is an olivine-structured inorganic compound investigated as a lithium-ion battery cathode, offering about 20% higher energy density than lithium iron phosphate.
Lithium manganese-rich cathode
A lithium manganese-rich (LMR) cathode is a lithium-ion battery cathode material whose excess lithium enables capacities above 250 mAh g⁻¹, though voltage fade has blocked commercialization.
Lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide
Lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA) is a lithium-ion battery cathode material, used by Panasonic and Tesla, valued for high energy but costly and less safe.
Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide
Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide, also written NCM, is a layered oxide cathode material for lithium-ion batteries, used in about 50% of electric vehicles sold in 2023.
Lithium nickel manganese oxide
Lithium nickel manganese oxide (LiNi₀.₅Mn₁.₅O₄, commonly abbreviated LNMO) is a cobalt-free spinel cathode material for lithium-ion batteries with a high 4.7-volt working voltage, a leading high-voltage candidate still limited by degradation.
Lithium-rich layered oxide
A lithium-rich layered oxide (LRLO) is a lithium-ion battery cathode material with extra lithium in the transition-metal layer, reaching capacities above 250 mAh/g through cationic and anionic redox.
NCM 622
NCM 622, also written NMC 622, is a nickel-rich lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide cathode material with a 6:2:2 metal ratio, used in Hyundai Kona and BMW i3 battery packs.
Nickel-rich cathode
A nickel-rich cathode is a layered oxide positive electrode for lithium-ion batteries, typically NCM or NCA, where nickel content above 80% raises energy density while reducing costly cobalt.
Nickel-rich NCM 811 cathodes
Nickel-rich NCM 811 cathodes are a lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide cathode material, LiNi₀.₈Co₀.₁Mn₀.₁O₂, used in electric-vehicle batteries since about 2019 for high energy density despite faster degradation and weaker thermal stability.
NMC 811
NMC 811, also written NCM811, is a nickel-rich lithium-ion battery cathode material, LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2, named for its 8:1:1 nickel-manganese-cobalt ratio, offering high capacity but facing degradation and safety challenges in electric vehicles.
Organic carbonyl cathodes
Organic carbonyl cathodes are battery electrodes built from carbonyl compounds, such as quinones, that store charge for lithium, sodium, and potassium cells with high capacity and renewability.
Oxygen redox instability in Li-rich cathodes
Oxygen redox instability in Li-rich cathodes is the tendency of lithium-rich layered oxide battery cathodes to lose capacity and voltage because oxidized lattice oxygen escapes as O₂.
Polyanion cathode
A polyanion cathode is a battery positive-electrode material in which covalent polyanionic groups such as phosphates raise voltage but lower capacity, with olivine LiFePO₄ its commercial anchor.
Precursor cathode active material
Precursor cathode active material (pCAM) is a mixed nickel-cobalt-manganese hydroxide intermediate from which lithium-ion battery cathode powder is made by lithiation and calcination; it is produced almost entirely by co-precipitation.