61,984 articles
Plasma-assisted combustion
Plasma-assisted combustion (PAC) uses electrical discharge plasmas to modify flame chemistry and flow, enhancing ignition, stabilizing ultra-lean mixtures, and reducing pollutants in gas turbines and aerospace engines.
Plasma-catalytic ammonia synthesis
Plasma-catalytic ammonia synthesis makes ammonia by combining gas-discharge plasma with a catalyst, activating nitrogen at room temperature and atmospheric pressure as a milder alternative to Haber–Bosch.
Plasma-catalytic CO2 conversion to syngas
Plasma-catalytic CO2 conversion to syngas combines non-thermal plasma discharges with solid catalysts to split CO2 or reform it with methane or hydrogen into CO/H2 mixtures for Fischer-Tropsch or methanol synthesis.
Plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition
Plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PE-ALD), also called plasma-assisted ALD, is a thin-film deposition variant using plasma reactants, enabling growth at much lower temperatures than thermal ALD.
Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition
Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) is a thin-film deposition method in which plasma dissociates precursor gases, depositing films at 200–400 °C instead of the 800–2000 °C thermal CVD requires.
Plasma-immersion ion implantation
Plasma-immersion ion implantation (PIII) is a surface-modification method in which a workpiece immersed in plasma is pulsed to high negative voltage, implanting ions into all exposed surfaces.
Plasmon nanofocusing in tapered waveguides
Plasmon nanofocusing in tapered waveguides, coined by Mark Stockman in 2004, compresses surface plasmons in narrowing metal structures to focus light into nanoscale volumes below the diffraction limit.
Plasmon-induced hot-electron catalysis
Plasmon-induced hot-electron catalysis is a form of photocatalysis where plasmon decay in metal nanoparticles produces energetic hot electrons that drive or steer chemical reactions with light.
Plasmonic color printing
Plasmonic color printing is a technique that prints color images without pigments or dyes, encoding color in metallic nanostructures and reaching roughly 100,000 dots per inch.
Plasmonic lithography
Plasmonic lithography is a nanofabrication technique that uses surface plasmons, electron oscillations at metal–dielectric interfaces, to confine light and pattern features beyond the diffraction limit, with resolutions near 20 nm demonstrated.
Plasmonic modulator
A plasmonic modulator is an on-chip electro-optic device controlling light's amplitude or phase via surface plasmon polaritons, achieving micrometer-scale footprints and bandwidths beyond 500 GHz at the cost of metal loss.
Plasmonic nanolaser
A plasmonic nanolaser is a laser that uses surface plasmons, electron oscillations at a metal surface, to fit light into cavities below the diffraction limit, first demonstrated in 2009.
Plaster
Plaster, also known as calcined gypsum, is a building material made from lime, gypsum, or cement mixed with water and applied wet to walls and ceilings, hardening in place.
Plastic analysis (structural engineering)
Plastic analysis is a structural engineering method that determines a structure's true collapse load by following its behavior past first yield, through plastic hinge formation, until it becomes a mechanism.
Plastic bag
A plastic bag, or polybag, is a flexible container made of plastic film, usually polyethylene, invented in 1959 by Swedish engineer Sten Gustaf Thulin for Celloplast.
Plastic baton round
The plastic baton round, officially the baton round and popularly the plastic bullet, is a less-lethal 37 mm projectile developed for the British Army and police in Northern Ireland during the Troubles.
Plastic crystal electrolytes
Plastic crystal electrolytes (PCEs) are solid-state electrolytes combining a metal salt with a plastic crystal, a solid whose molecules rotate, giving solid materials with liquid-like ion transport for batteries.
Plastic explosive
Plastic explosive, also called plastique or putty explosive, is a hand-moldable high explosive such as C-4 or Semtex, developed during World War II and subject to a 1991 detection-marking treaty.
Plastic hinge
A plastic hinge is a localized yielding zone in a structural member that rotates like a hinge at constant moment, underlying plastic analysis of steel and concrete frames.
Plastic hydrocracking
Plastic hydrocracking is a chemical recycling method that cleaves carbon–carbon bonds in plastic polymers with hydrogen over bifunctional catalysts, converting polyolefin waste into fuels and lubricants.
Plastic hydrogenolysis
Plastic hydrogenolysis is a chemical recycling method in which transition-metal catalysts and hydrogen cleave the carbon–carbon bonds of waste polymers, mainly polyolefins, turning them into fuels, lubricants, and waxes.
Plastic optical fiber
Plastic optical fiber, also called polymer optical fiber, is an optical fiber with a polymer core and cladding, typically a 1 mm PMMA core used for short-reach data links.
Plastic pyrolysis oil upgrading
Plastic pyrolysis oil upgrading is the catalytic and separation processing of crude oil from heated waste plastics into specification-grade products, mainly BTX aromatics and steam-cracker feedstocks.
Plastic recycling
Plastic recycling is the recovery of plastic waste as new plastic or feedstock, chiefly by sorting, cleaning, and remelting used thermoplastics; globally only about 9% is recycled.
Plastic upcycling
Plastic upcycling is the conversion of plastic waste into products worth more than the original material, like fuels, lubricants, and monomers, through chemical and biological routes.
Plastic-to-fuel
Plastic-to-fuel (PTF) is a set of thermochemical and catalytic technologies that convert waste plastics into fuels such as diesel, gasoline, jet fuel, or hydrogen, chiefly by pyrolysis.
Plastic-to-hydrogen
Plastic-to-hydrogen is a family of chemical processes that convert waste plastics into hydrogen gas, appealing because polyolefins contain 14 to 17 percent hydrogen and the processes consume plastic waste.
Plasticizer
A plasticizer is an additive that makes plastics, above all PVC, soft and flexible; phthalates have dominated, and plasticizers are about a third of the plastic additives market.
Plate armour
Plate armor, also known as plate mail or a suit of armor, is body armor of shaped metal plates worn by European knights, developed into the full harness by about 1450.
Plate girder bridge
A plate girder bridge is a steel bridge supported by built-up I-shaped girders made from welded or riveted plates, widely used for spans of roughly 30 to 100 m.