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Graphcore
Graphcore is a British semiconductor company founded in Bristol in 2016 that designed the Intelligence Processing Unit for machine intelligence and was acquired by SoftBank in 2024.
Grapheme-to-phoneme conversion
Grapheme-to-phoneme conversion (G2P) is the natural language processing task of predicting a word's pronunciation from its written form, a core component of text-to-speech synthesis and automatic speech recognition.
Graphene anode
A graphene anode is a lithium-ion battery negative electrode in which graphene serves as the active material, investigated since 2008 as a higher-capacity alternative to graphite.
Graphene field-effect transistor
A graphene field-effect transistor, or GFET, is a transistor whose conducting channel is graphene, a one-atom-thick carbon sheet; it conducts with electrons or holes and suits biosensing.
Graphene films
A graphene film is a sheet or coating of one-atom-thick carbon, grown by chemical vapor deposition or made from graphene oxide, and used commercially for heat spreading in mobile phones.
Graphene Hall sensors
Graphene Hall sensors are magnetic field sensors that use the Hall effect in graphene, a one-atom-thick carbon sheet, reaching sensitivities nearly two orders of magnitude above commercial silicon sensors.
Graphene integrated circuits
A graphene integrated circuit is a chip using graphene, a one-atom-thick carbon sheet, as transistor material; IBM demonstrated the first, an RF mixer, in 2011.
Graphene optical modulators
Graphene optical modulators are optical communication devices that use an electrically gated one-atom-thick graphene layer to control light in waveguides, first demonstrated on silicon in 2011.
Graphene oxide membrane
A graphene oxide membrane is a separation membrane built from stacked graphene oxide sheets, whose nanochannels selectively transport water, ions, and gases for desalination and gas separation.
Graphene photodetector
A graphene photodetector is a light-sensing device that uses graphene, a one-atom-thick sheet of carbon, converting light into electrical signals from the ultraviolet to the terahertz range.
Graphene photonics
Graphene photonics is the field of research and device engineering that uses graphene, a single atomic layer of carbon, to generate, modulate, and detect light.
Graphene plasmon polariton waveguides
Graphene plasmon polariton waveguides are nanophotonic devices that confine and route light-coupled charge oscillations along graphene, tunable by gate voltage for mid-IR and terahertz circuits.
Graphene RF mixer
A graphene RF mixer is a frequency-conversion circuit that uses graphene, typically in a GFET or diode, covering radio inputs from about 10 MHz to 700 GHz.
Graphene saturable absorber
A graphene saturable absorber is an optical device that uses one-atom-thick carbon sheets to passively generate short laser pulses, first shown in 2009 and prized for broadband operation.
Graphene supercapacitor
A graphene supercapacitor is an electrochemical capacitor whose electrodes use graphene, storing charge on surfaces for fast delivery and long life, though with lower energy density than batteries.
Graphene terahertz detector
A graphene terahertz detector is a photodetector using graphene, a single-atom-thick carbon sheet, to sense terahertz radiation from 0.1 to 10 THz, typically at room temperature.
GrapheneOS
GrapheneOS, formerly AndroidHardening, is an open-source mobile operating system based on Android that focuses on privacy and security hardening, with official support for Google Pixel devices.
Graphical user interface
A graphical user interface (GUI) is a way of operating a computer through windows, icons, menus, and a pointer, pioneered at Xerox PARC and popularized by the 1984 Macintosh.
Graphical widget
A graphical widget, also called a UI control or GUI control, is a reusable interactive element of a graphical user interface, such as a button, text field, or menu.
Graphics card
A graphics card, also called a video card or display adapter, plugs into a motherboard and carries a dedicated GPU, memory, and cooling to render images and accelerate parallel computation.
Graphics Core Next
Graphics Core Next (GCN) is a GPU instruction set architecture and microarchitecture family developed by AMD, introduced in 2011 with the Radeon HD 7000 series and ending with Vega.
Graphics processing unit
A graphics processing unit, or GPU, is a specialized electronic circuit that performs many calculations in parallel, originally for 3D graphics and now also for deep learning and scientific computing.
Graphics tablet
A graphics tablet, also called a pen tablet or digitizing tablet, is a screenless input device for drawing with a stylus, used in digital art, photo editing, and CAD.
Graphing calculator
A graphing calculator, also called a graphics calculator, is a handheld calculator that plots function graphs and typically adds scientific, statistical, and programmable capabilities.
Graphite anode
The graphite anode is the negative electrode of a lithium-ion battery, storing lithium between layered carbon sheets; it has been the commercial standard since the early 1990s.
Graphite crucible
A graphite crucible is a high-temperature container made wholly or partly from graphite-based material, used to melt and hold metals in metallurgy, semiconductor manufacturing, and photovoltaic crystal growth.
Graphite electrode
A graphite electrode is a consumable cylinder of artificial graphite that carries high electrical current into an electric arc furnace, melting scrap steel in electric arc furnace steelmaking.
Graphitic carbon nitride
Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is a metal-free polymeric semiconductor of carbon and nitrogen, best known since a 2009 demonstration as a visible-light photocatalyst that splits water to produce hydrogen.
Graphitization
Graphitization is a heat-treatment process that converts amorphous carbon into crystalline graphite, typically at 2600–3300 °C in Acheson furnaces, producing artificial graphite for steelmaking electrodes, nuclear reactors, and lithium-ion battery anodes.
GraphML
GraphML (Graph Markup Language) is an XML-based file format for storing and exchanging graphs of nodes and edges, proposed after a 2000 Graph Drawing Symposium workshop.