Technology and the built world

Graphophone

The Graphophone is a wax-cylinder recording machine patented in 1886 by Chichester A. Bell and Charles Sumner Tainter at the Volta Laboratory as an improvement on Edison's phonograph.

Graphormer is a graph Transformer architecture for graph-level prediction, introduced at NeurIPS 2021 by Microsoft Research Asia, and the first Transformer-based model to outperform graph neural networks on these benchmarks.

GraphPad Prism

GraphPad Prism is a commercial scientific software application for statistical analysis, curve fitting, and graphing, developed by GraphPad Software and aimed at laboratory and clinical researchers rather than professional statisticians.

GraphQL

GraphQL is a query language and execution engine for APIs, created at Facebook in 2012, open-sourced in 2015, and governed by the GraphQL Foundation since 2019.

GraphRAG

GraphRAG is a retrieval-augmented generation method introduced by Microsoft Research in April 2024 that uses an LLM to build a knowledge graph and hierarchical community summaries, answering holistic questions about whole document collections.

GraphSAGE

GraphSAGE (Graph Sample and Aggregate) is an inductive framework introduced by Hamilton, Ying, and Leskovec at Stanford in NIPS 2017 that learns node embeddings by sampling and aggregating neighborhood features.

GraphSLAM

GraphSLAM is an offline SLAM algorithm that builds a sparse graph of constraints and solves for the full robot trajectory and map at once, introduced by Thrun and Montemerlo in 2006.

Graphullerene

Graphullerene is a two-dimensional crystalline polymer of C₆₀ fullerenes, covalently linked into a hexagonal sheet and identified in 2023 as the first pure-carbon two-dimensional semiconductor.

Graphyne

Graphyne is a proposed two-dimensional carbon allotrope, first predicted theoretically in 1987, in which acetylenic triple-bond linkages bridge benzene-like carbon rings, forming a porous lattice with tunable electronic properties.

GRASP (object-oriented design)

GRASP (General Responsibility Assignment Software Patterns) is a set of nine guidelines for assigning responsibilities to classes and objects in object-oriented design, described by Craig Larman in Applying UML and Patterns.

Grasp detection

Grasp detection is a robotics and computer vision method that predicts feasible poses for a robot gripper to pick up objects, without a known CAD model.

GRASP Laboratory

The GRASP Laboratory, short for General Robotics, Automation, Sensing and Perception, is a robotics research center at the University of Pennsylvania founded in 1979 by Ruzena Bajcsy.

Grasp matrix

The grasp matrix is a matrix in robotic grasping that maps contact forces between a robot hand and an object into the net wrench acting on the object.

Grasp quality metrics

Grasp quality metrics are numerical measures of how good a robot grasp is, letting planners rank candidate grasps; the best-known is Ferrari and Canny's 1992 epsilon metric.

Grasp synthesis

Grasp synthesis is the computational method that produces a stable grasp of a given object for a robotic hand, dividing into analytic and data-driven approaches.

Grasp wrench space

The grasp wrench space is the set of all forces and torques a robot grasp can apply to or resist on a held object, the basis of grasp quality measures.

GraspIt!

GraspIt! is an open-source simulator for robotic grasping developed at Columbia University that models robotic hands and objects, computes grasp quality, and plans grasps without a physical robot.

GraspNet

GraspNet, formally GraspNet-1Billion, is a large-scale benchmark dataset for general object grasping in robotics, introduced at CVPR 2020 with 97,280 RGB-D images and over one billion grasp poses.

Grass Valley (company)

Grass Valley is an American-Canadian broadcast technology company making production switchers, cameras, and the AMPP cloud platform for live television. Founded in 1959 in California, it is now headquartered in Montreal.

Grasshopper optimization algorithm

The grasshopper optimization algorithm (GOA) is a population-based metaheuristic introduced in 2017 by Saremi, Mirjalili, and Lewis, modeling grasshopper swarming to solve continuous optimization problems.

Grating Light Valve

The Grating Light Valve (GLV) is a MEMS spatial light modulator invented at Stanford University in 1994 that deflects microscopic ribbons to modulate laser light.

Graupner

Graupner is a German model-making brand founded by Johannes Graupner in Stuttgart in 1930, a leading European maker of radio-controlled aircraft, boats, and RC electronics.

Gravel pack

A gravel pack is a sand-control well completion method in which gravel packed around a screen filters formation sand while letting oil and gas flow, used since the 1930s.

Gravelines nuclear power plant

The Gravelines nuclear power plant is a French nuclear power station operated by EDF on the North Sea coast between Calais and Dunkerque, with six 900 MWe reactors.

Graveyard spiral

The graveyard spiral, also called the suicide spiral, is a vestibular flight illusion in which a pilot in an unnoticed descending turn pulls back, tightening the spiral.

Gravis UltraSound

The Gravis UltraSound (GUS) is an ISA sound card released in 1992 by Advanced Gravis, offering hardware wavetable synthesis favored by the demoscene and tracker musicians.

Gravitation water vortex power plant

A gravitation water vortex power plant is a micro hydropower plant where water spiraling in a circular basin drives a turbine, patented by Franz Zotlöterer in 2003.

Gravitational search algorithm

The gravitational search algorithm (GSA) is a population-based metaheuristic introduced by Rashedi, Nezamabadi-pour, and Saryazdi in 2009 that mimics gravitational attraction between masses.

Gravitational-wave strain calibration

Gravitational-wave strain calibration is the process by which interferometric detectors such as LIGO, Virgo, and KAGRA convert raw photodetector output into gravitational-wave strain, enabling every estimate of source masses, distances, and sky positions.