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Instrument meteorological conditions
Instrument meteorological conditions (IMC), also known as instrument conditions, are weather with visibility, cloud distance, or ceiling below visual flight minima, requiring flight under instrument flight rules.
Instrument rating
An instrument rating, also known as an IFR rating, is an addition to a pilot license authorizing flight under instrument flight rules in weather below visual minimums.
Instrumental convergence
Instrumental convergence, also called universal instrumental values, is the thesis that goal-directed AI agents pursue similar subgoals, such as self-preservation and resource acquisition, regardless of their final goals.
Instrumentation and control engineering
Instrumentation and control engineering is the discipline that measures process variables like temperature, pressure, and flow, and automatically regulates them to keep industrial processes running safely.
Insulated-gate bipolar transistor
The insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) is a power semiconductor switch rated from 600 to 6,500 V, invented at General Electric in the early 1980s and standard in motor drives and rail traction.
Insulating paper
Insulating paper is cellulose-based paper manufactured for electrical insulation, used principally in oil-immersed power transformers, where it wraps conductors and the oil-paper composite determines the transformer's service life.
Insulation coordination
Insulation coordination is the engineering process of selecting insulation withstand levels and surge-protective equipment, chiefly arresters, so power system equipment survives lightning and switching overvoltages at defensible cost.
Insurance Institute for Highway Safety
The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) is an independent American nonprofit, founded in 1959 and funded by auto insurers, known for its crash tests and Top Safety Pick awards.
INSV Kaundinya
INSV Kaundinya is a stitched sailing ship of the Indian Navy, built entirely with traditional techniques and inducted in 2025; in 2026 it sailed from Porbandar to Muscat.
InSyTe
InSyTe is a product line of preclinical small-animal molecular imaging systems made by TriFoil Imaging of Chatsworth, California, whose FLECT/CT model combines 360° fluorescence emission computed tomography with inline X-ray CT for imaging mice.
Int-Ball
Int-Ball, formally the JEM Internal Ball Camera, is a free-flying camera robot developed by JAXA that records crew activities inside the International Space Station's Kibo module since 2017.
Intact stability
Intact stability is a ship's ability to remain upright and resist heeling while its hull is undamaged, a core discipline of naval architecture governed by the IMO's 2008 IS Code.
Intaglio (printmaking)
Intaglio, also known as intaglio printing, is a printmaking technique that prints ink from lines cut or etched below a plate's surface, including engraving and etching.
Intake tower
An intake tower, also called an outlet tower, is a vertical concrete structure in a reservoir that feeds water from a dam to penstocks or conduits.
Intamin
Intamin, short for International Amusement Installations, is a ride manufacturer founded in 1967 in Bern, Switzerland, and based in Liechtenstein, known for Kingda Ka and the 240 km/h Formula Rossa.
Intapp
Intapp is an American software company headquartered in Palo Alto, California, selling cloud-based client lifecycle, risk, and compliance software to professional and financial services firms.
Integer (computer science)
In computer science, an integer, also called an integral data type, represents whole numbers as a fixed-width bit pattern or, in languages like Python, with arbitrary precision.
Integer programming
Integer programming, also called integer linear programming or mixed-integer programming, is a branch of mathematical optimization where some or all variables are restricted to integer values.
Integra Group
Integra Group (Интегра) is a Russian oilfield services company founded in 2004 that provides drilling, workover, and well construction services across the full life cycle of an oil or gas field, and also manufactures drilling tools.
Integral Coach Factory
Integral Coach Factory (ICF), formerly Perambur Coach Factory, is Indian Railways' coach works in Chennai, opened by Nehru in 1955 with Swiss technology; builder of Vande Bharat trains and 75,000 coaches by 2024.
Integral collector-storage system
An integral collector-storage (ICS) system, also called a batch collector, is a passive solar water heater in which the collector and storage tank are one unit, typically used as a solar preheater.
Integral fast reactor
The Integral Fast Reactor (IFR), also known as the Advanced Liquid-Metal Reactor, was an Argonne National Laboratory program from 1984 to 1994 combining a sodium-cooled fast reactor with on-site fuel recycling.
Integral imaging
Integral imaging is a passive light-field technique that captures or displays 3D scene information by recording many perspective views through microlens or camera arrays, proposed by Gabriel Lippmann in 1908.
Integral reinforcement learning
Integral reinforcement learning (IRL) is a reinforcement learning method for continuous-time dynamical systems that learns optimal control policies from reward integrated over time intervals, needing no drift dynamics.
Integral rocket ramjet
The integral rocket ramjet (IRR) is a missile propulsion system in which a rocket booster and ramjet share a single combustion chamber, studied from the 1970s onward.
Integral sliding mode control
Integral sliding mode control (ISMC) is a variant of sliding mode control that adds an integral term to eliminate the reaching phase, proposed by Utkin and Shi in 1996.
Integrated circuit
An integrated circuit (IC), also called a chip or microchip, is a semiconductor device that combines many transistors and their interconnections on one piece of silicon, usually.
Integrated circuit design
Integrated circuit design, or IC design, is the engineering process of creating a chip's circuitry, from specification through logic synthesis and layout to tapeout of manufacturing data.
Integrated computational materials engineering
Integrated computational materials engineering (ICME) is an approach that links computational materials models with product design and manufacturing simulation, defined in a 2008 National Research Council report.
Integrated development environment
An integrated development environment (IDE), also called a programming environment, combines a code editor, compiler, and debugger in one tool; Dartmouth BASIC of 1964 is commonly cited as the first.