Human health and medicine

17q23.1q23.2 microdeletion syndrome

17q23.1q23.2 microdeletion syndrome (OMIM 613355), also called chromosome 17q23.1-q23.2 deletion syndrome, is a rare NAHR-mediated genomic disorder deleting TBX2/TBX4, causing developmental delay, microcephaly, heart defects, limb anomalies, and pulmonary hypertension.

1818–1819 plague in the Maghreb

The 1818–1819 plague in the Maghreb (طاعون 1818) was a bubonic plague epidemic that killed thousands in Algiers, Tangier, and Fès between 1817 and 1820.

1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic

The 1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic began in June 1837 when the steamboat St. Peter's brought smallpox up the Missouri River, killing roughly 90 percent of the Mandan.

1848–49 measles epidemic in Hawaii

The 1848–49 measles epidemic in Hawaii was the first arrival of measles there, brought by the USS Independence in September 1848 and first appearing at Hilo.

1865 cholera epidemic in Tunisia

The 1865 cholera epidemic in Tunisia was the Fourth Cholera Pandemic's Mediterranean spread in 1865, which the Regency of Tunis escaped despite pilgrims arriving from Mecca.

1903 bubonic plague epidemic in Peru

The 1903 bubonic plague epidemic in Peru began at the port of Callao in 1903 and spread along the coast, causing over 20,000 reported cases by 1930.

1914–1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia

The 1914–1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia was a louse-borne typhus outbreak during World War I that killed an estimated 100,000 to 150,000 people and was stopped in 1915 by mass delousing.

1918 influenza epidemic in Western Samoa

The 1918 influenza epidemic in Western Samoa was the outbreak of pneumonic influenza introduced by the SS Talune in November 1918, killing about 22 percent of the population.

1918 Spanish flu in the Southern Cone

The 1918 Spanish flu in the Southern Cone was the H1N1 influenza pandemic of 1918–1920 in Brazil, Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay, reaching Rio de Janeiro in September 1918.

1976 Philadelphia Legionnaires' disease outbreak

1976 Philadelphia Legionnaires' disease outbreak: July 21-24 American Legion convention at the Bellevue-Stratford Hotel; 221 cases, 34 deaths; cause Legionella pneumophila from cooling tower, identified January 1977.

1983–1985 famine in Ethiopia

The 1983–1985 famine in Ethiopia, also called the 1984 Ethiopian famine, struck Tigray, Wollo, and Eritrea under the Derg. Drought, civil war, and government policy killed an estimated 400,000 to over one million people and prompted the BBC report, Band Aid, and Live Aid.

1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack

The 1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack, known as the Dalles Salad Bar Incident, was the deliberate salmonella contamination of salad bars in The Dalles, Oregon, that sickened 751 people.

1991 Peru cholera outbreak

The 1991 Peru cholera outbreak was an epidemic of cholera first detected in coastal Peruvian cities in late January 1991, causing about 322,562 cases and 2,909 deaths that year.

1994 plague in India

1994 plague in India: suspected bubonic and pneumonic plague outbreak starting in Mamla, Beed district, Maharashtra, then Surat, Gujarat; 693 suspected cases, 56 deaths, attributed to Yersinia pestis, with mass panic and about USD 2 billion in economic losses.

19p13.12 microdeletion syndrome

19p13.12 microdeletion syndrome (Del(19)(p13.12), monosomy 19p13.12) is an ultra-rare chromosomal disorder with developmental and language delay, hearing loss, facial dysmorphism, and variable cardiac and behavioral features.

19p13.13 microdeletion syndrome

19p13.13 microdeletion syndrome (Del(19)(p13.13), monosomy 19p13.13) is a rare de novo chromosomal deletion disorder with developmental delay, moderate intellectual disability, macrocephaly, overgrowth, hypotonia, and ocular and gastrointestinal features; critical region spans MAST1, NFIX, and CALR.

19p13.3 microduplication syndrome

19p13.3 microduplication syndrome, or Dup(19)(p13.3), is a rare genetic condition caused by a duplicated segment on chromosome 19, marked by intellectual disability, microcephaly, and slowed growth before birth.

1p36 deletion syndrome

1p36 deletion syndrome, also called monosomy 1p36, is a genetic disorder from a missing segment on chromosome 1, causing intellectual disability, seizures, and low muscle tone.

1q21.1 microdeletion syndrome

1q21.1 microdeletion syndrome (recurrent distal 1.35-Mb deletion, OMIM 612474): rare autosomal dominant deletion on chromosome 1q21.1 causing variable developmental delay, microcephaly, and schizophrenia risk, with incomplete penetrance.

1q21.1 microduplication syndrome

1q21.1 microduplication syndrome (1q21.1 duplication) is an autosomal dominant extra-copy CNV at chromosome 1q21.1, about 3 in 10,000 people, with incomplete penetrance causing developmental delay, autism features, macrocephaly, schizophrenia risk, and tetralogy of Fallot.

1q41q42 microdeletion syndrome

1q41q42 microdeletion syndrome, also called monosomy 1q41q42, is a rare chromosomal disorder from a deletion on chromosome 1, causing severe developmental delay, seizures, and congenital defects, first delineated in 2007.

1q44 microdeletion syndrome

1q44 microdeletion syndrome, also known as monosomy 1q44 or Del(1)(q44), is a rare chromosome disorder causing delayed development, impaired speech, seizures, and low muscle tone.

2 propanol

2-Propanol (propan-2-ol, isopropanol, CAS 67-63-0) is a secondary alcohol solvent and disinfectant active substance, EU-approved for biocide product-types 1, 2 and 4 but not as a plant protection agent.

2-aminoadipic 2-oxoadipic aciduria

2-aminoadipic 2-oxoadipic aciduria (AMOXAD, AAKAD, alpha-aminoadipic aciduria, OMIM 204750) is a rare autosomal recessive lysine, tryptophan, and hydroxylysine catabolism disorder caused by DHTKD1 variants, with excretion of 2-aminoadipic, 2-oxoadipic, and 2-hydroxyadipic acids and variable, often absent symptoms.

2-day CPET

2-day CPET: two maximal cardiopulmonary exercise tests 24 hours apart used to detect post-exertional malaise in ME/CFS and long COVID; meta-analyses support day-2 decline, recent controlled studies question it.

Oct 15, 2026

2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin

2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD; pharmacopeial name hydroxypropylbetadex) is a modified β-cyclodextrin whose hydroxypropyl groups make it highly water soluble, used as a pharmaceutical excipient and investigated intravenously for Niemann-Pick disease type C1.

2,2'-dithiodiethanesulfonic acid

2,2'-Dithiodiethanesulfonic acid (dimesna free acid, bis(2-sulfoethyl) disulfide, CAS 45127-11-5) is the disulfide dimer of mesna; its disodium salt is the investigational chemoprotectant BNP7787/Tavocept/LP-300, reduced to mesna in the kidney to detoxify cisplatin and ifosfamide metabolites.

2002 Malawi food crisis

The 2002 Malawi food crisis was a severe shortage of maize, Malawi's staple food, that caused widespread starvation and several hundred deaths in early 2002, the country's worst famine since 1949.

2002–2004 SARS outbreak

2002–2004 SARS outbreak: first epidemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome, caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV, emerging in Foshan, Guangdong in November 2002; 8096 cases, 774 deaths, contained 5 July 2003, with limited 2003–2004 re-emergence.