All articles starting with B
27,400 articles
Biosolids
Biosolids are sewage sludge from municipal wastewater treatment, treated to meet EPA standards under 40 CFR Part 503 and applied to land as fertilizer or soil conditioner.
Biosorption
Biosorption: passive, metabolism-independent binding of dissolved metals, metalloids, radionuclides, and organics onto biological material such as dead microbial biomass, algae, and plant wastes, via ion exchange, complexation, adsorption, and precipitation; studied since 1902 but with limited industrial adoption.
Biosphere
Biosphere: the sum of all life on Earth and the surface-atmosphere region it inhabits, one of Earth's interacting spheres. Term from Suess, developed by Vernadsky; biosphere integrity is a transgressed core planetary boundary.
Biosphere 2
Biosphere 2, a 3.14-acre sealed glass research facility in Oracle, Arizona, built by Space Biospheres Ventures for 1991–1994 closed-ecosystem missions, now a University of Arizona climate and space-habitat research center.
Biosphere reserve
Biosphere reserve: UNESCO Man and the Biosphere (MAB) designation combining conservation, sustainable development, and research in core, buffer, and transition zones; 797 sites in 145 countries, first designated 1976, reviewed every 10 years.
Biospring Partners
Biospring Partners is a New York investment firm founded in 2020 by Michelle Dipp and Jennifer Lum that invests in B2B life sciences technology and pharma services companies.
Biostar Microtech
Biostar Microtech (映泰) is a Taiwanese computer hardware manufacturer founded in 1986, best known for its BIOSTAR-brand motherboards, and also makes graphics cards, SSDs, and industrial PCs.
Biostatistics
Biostatistics, also called biometrics or biometry, is the science of collecting and analyzing biological and health data statistically, used to estimate disease frequency, search for causes, and design clinical trials.
Biostimulation
Biostimulation: a bioremediation method that adds nutrients, oxygen, or electron donors/acceptors to stimulate indigenous microbes degrading pollutants in soil and groundwater; contrasted with bioaugmentation, which adds exogenous microbes.
Biostratigraphy
Biostratigraphy, also called biocorrelation, is the branch of stratigraphy that organizes rock strata by their fossil content into units called biozones, chiefly to correlate rocks of the same age.
Bioswale
A bioswale is a vegetated, gently sloped open channel that slows, filters, and treats stormwater runoff and promotes infiltration, a green infrastructure practice used along roads, highways, and parking lots.
Biosynthesis
Biosynthesis: enzyme-mediated production of chemical compounds by living organisms (anabolism), driven by ATP and NADPH. Covers protein, nucleic acid, lipid, and secondary metabolite pathways, feedback regulation, isotope tracing, and industrial metabolic engineering.
Biosynthesis of cocaine
Biosynthesis of cocaine: the eleven-step enzymatic pathway in Erythroxylum coca from ornithine to cocaine, via spermidine N-methylation, CYP81AN15 ring closure, MecgoR, and cocaine synthase; evolved independently of Solanaceae tropane alkaloid pathways.
Biosynthetic Pathways
Biosynthetic pathways, also called anabolic or biosynthetic routes, are sets of enzymatic reactions forming biochemicals via new covalent bonds; they underlie natural-product drug production and metabolic engineering in microbial cell factories.
Biosynthetic rearrangement reactions
Biosynthetic rearrangement reactions are skeletal reorganizations performed by enzymes inside living systems, including terpene cyclase cationic cascades, pericyclic shifts like the chorismate mutase Claisen rearrangement, and plant cytochrome P450-induced group shifts.
Biot number
The Biot number, or Biot modulus, is a dimensionless quantity comparing heat conduction resistance inside a solid with convection resistance at its surface; values below 0.1 permit lumped capacitance analysis.
Biot–Savart law
The Biot–Savart law is the magnetostatics equation that gives the magnetic field produced by a steady electric current, playing the role in magnetostatics that Coulomb's law plays in electrostatics.
Biotage (company)
Biotage AB is a Swedish life science tools company supplying separation and purification solutions for drug discovery and analytical testing, taken private by KKR in 2025.
BioTechniques
BioTechniques: monthly peer-reviewed open-access life science methods journal founded 1983 by Francis Eaton, published by Taylor & Francis since 2024, ISSN 0736-6205, Impact Factor 2.6 (2025).
Biotechnology
Biotechnology: applying science and technology to living organisms to produce knowledge, goods and services. Spans fermentation, recombinant DNA (1973), GM crops since the mid 1990s, and CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing (2012), across medicine, agriculture and industry.
Biotechnology and Bioengineering
Biotechnology and Bioengineering is Wiley's monthly peer-reviewed biochemical engineering journal, founded 1959 as Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering, renamed 1962; editor-in-chief Douglas S. Clark, IF 3.9, Gaden and Wang awards.
Biotechnology education and training
Biotechnology education and training covers degree programs, community-college courses, and secondary-school outreach; US biotechnology graduates earn a median $70,910 one year after completion, and the field faces a projected shortage of qualified workers.
Biotechnology High School
Biotechnology High School (BTHS) is a selective public career academy in Freehold, New Jersey, part of the Monmouth County Vocational School District; an IB World School of about 319 students, a 2014 National Blue Ribbon School ranked #8 among New Jersey public high schools.
Biotechnology industry in China
China's biotechnology industry is a state-supported network of biopharmaceutical developers, contract research organizations, science parks, and regional clusters that has grown from a generics producer into the world's second-largest source of new drug candidates.
Biotechnology industry in India
India's biotechnology industry is an ecosystem of firms, startups, and research institutions valued at $195.3 billion in 2025, the world's largest vaccine manufacturer, targeting $300 billion by 2030.
Biotechnology industry in the United States
The biotechnology industry in the United States is the sector of firms applying biological systems to make biopharmaceuticals and other products, generating over $3.2 trillion in output impact in 2023.
Biotechnology of cold-active, pressure-tolerant, and alkaliphilic archaea
Applied biotechnology of cold-active, pressure-tolerant, and alkaliphilic archaea, whose enzymes from soda lakes, the deep sea, and Greenland's ikaite columns serve detergents and food processing.
Biotelemetry
Biotelemetry is the remote measurement of physiological, behavioral, or energetic data from free-living animals via transmitters, spanning radio, acoustic, and satellite telemetry and distinct from biologging, which requires tag recovery.
Bioterrorism
Bioterrorism, also called biological terrorism, is the intentional release of bacteria, viruses, or toxins to cause disease and death, and is classed as a weapon of mass destruction.
Biotest AG
Biotest AG, now Biotest GmbH & Co. KGaA, is a German plasma-products company based in Dreieich, Germany, founded in 1946 and a subsidiary of Spain's Grifols since 2022.