All articles starting with D

Differential privacy

Differential privacy is a mathematical definition of privacy for data analysis, formalized in 2006, guaranteeing that results barely change whether or not any one person's data is included.

Differentially private stochastic gradient descent (DP-SGD) is a privacy-preserving variant of stochastic gradient descent, introduced by Abadi et al. in 2016 and the standard method for private neural network training.

Differential protection

Differential protection is a unit-protection technique in electrical power engineering that compares currents entering and leaving a zone, such as a transformer or busbar, and trips when the difference exceeds a threshold.

Differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry

Differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) is an electroanalytical technique that preconcentrates metal ions on an electrode to measure trace heavy metals at sub-ppb levels.

Differential pulse polarography

Differential pulse polarography (DPP) is a sensitive voltammetric analytical technique that superimposes constant-height potential pulses on a rising voltage ramp applied to a dropping mercury electrode.

Differential pulse voltammetry

Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) is an electroanalytical technique applying small potential pulses of 10 to 100 mV on a voltage ramp, giving peak-shaped output sensitive to trace analytes.

Differential pulse-code modulation

Differential pulse-code modulation (DPCM) is a signal coding method that transmits the difference between each sample and a prediction from past samples instead of the sample itself.

Differential quadrature method

The differential quadrature method (DQM) is a numerical technique that approximates derivatives as weighted sums of function values at grid points, introduced by Bellman and colleagues in 1972.

Differential quadrature phase-shift keying

Differential quadrature phase-shift keying (DQPSK) is a digital modulation scheme encoding two bits per symbol as phase shifts between successive symbols, requiring no reference carrier, used in optical fiber and cellular radio.

Differential reinforcement

Differential reinforcement is a behavior-analytic procedure that reinforces a desired target behavior while withholding reinforcement from competing behaviors, used to reduce problem behaviors; variants include DRA, DRI, DRO, and DRL.

Differential rotation

Differential rotation is when different latitudes of a gaseous body rotate at different speeds, seen in the Sun, where the equator spins in 25 days and the poles in 36.

Differential scanning calorimetry of biomolecules

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) of biomolecules measures the heat of protein, nucleic acid, and lipid transitions directly, yielding melting temperature, enthalpy, and full unfolding thermodynamics in a single scan.

Differential scanning fluorimetry

Differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF), also called the thermal shift assay or ThermoFluor, heats a protein while monitoring fluorescence to measure its melting temperature and ligand binding.

Differential scattering cross-section

The differential scattering cross-section, dσ/dΩ, measures how strongly particles scatter into a given solid angle; integrating it over all angles gives the total cross section.

Differential signaling

Differential signaling is an electrical technique that carries information as the voltage difference between a pair of conductors, so noise appearing equally on both wires cancels.

Differential testing

Differential testing is a software testing method that feeds the same inputs to two or more comparable implementations, flagging any disagreement in their results as a possible bug.

Differential thermal analysis

Differential thermal analysis (DTA) is a thermal analysis technique measuring the temperature difference between a sample and an inert reference during controlled heating, detecting transitions without mass change.

Differential topology

Differential topology is the branch of topology studying differentiable manifolds and mappings, using tools like transversality, Morse theory, and bordism, with landmark results including Milnor's 1956 exotic 7-spheres.

Differential-phase-shift quantum key distribution

Differential-phase-shift quantum key distribution (DPS-QKD) is a quantum key distribution protocol proposed by Inoue et al. in 2002 that encodes key bits in the phase difference between consecutive weak coherent pulses.

Differentially closed field

A differentially closed field is a field with a derivation containing enough solutions of differential equations, the differential analog of an algebraically closed field, in a precise first-order sense.

Differentially private learning

Differentially private learning trains machine learning models while mathematically limiting how much any single individual's data can influence the model, by adding calibrated noise during optimization.

Differentially private stochastic gradient descent

Differentially private stochastic gradient descent (DP-SGD) is a training algorithm that clips each example's gradient and adds Gaussian noise, giving deep neural networks a formal differential privacy guarantee.

Differentiated instruction

Differentiated instruction (DI, adaptive teaching) is a pedagogical framework in which teachers adjust content, process, product, and learning environment to students' varied readiness and needs; evidence shows small-to-large but highly context-dependent effects.

Differentiated service delivery (HIV care)

Differentiated service delivery (DSD) is a person-centered approach that adapts HIV services across the care cascade; by 2023, 76% of ART patients in 21 sub-Saharan African countries used it.