All articles starting with D
24,034 articles
Differentiation therapy
Differentiation therapy is a cancer treatment using agents such as retinoic acid to force immature cancer cells to mature instead of killing them, best proven in acute promyelocytic leukemia.
Differentology
"Differentology (Ready for the Road)" is a soca song by Trinidadian artist Bunji Garlin, released in November 2012 and the biggest hit of the 2013 Carnival season.
Difficult People
Difficult People: American dark comedy series (2015–2017) on Hulu, created by and starring Julie Klausner with Billy Eichner as struggling NYC comedians; three seasons, 28 episodes, Amy Poehler executive producer, canceled November 2017.
Difficult to Cure
Difficult to Cure is a 1981 studio album by British hard rock band Rainbow, released on Polydor and the first with American singer Joe Lynn Turner, who replaced Graham Bonnet.
Diffie–Hellman key exchange
Diffie–Hellman key exchange, also called key agreement, is a cryptographic protocol letting two parties establish a shared secret over a public channel, published in 1976.
Difflugia
Difflugia (Leclerc, 1815) is the largest genus of arcellinid testate amoebae, freshwater shelled amoebas building agglutinated tests of mineral particles and diatoms in organic cement; molecular phylogeny shows it is not monophyletic and has been split into Netzelia, Cylindrifflugia, and other genera.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the bending and spreading of waves around an opening or obstacle, exhibited by sound, ocean waves, light, and electron matter waves, strongest when sizes match the wavelength.
Diffraction before destruction
Diffraction before destruction is a principle in X-ray crystallography in which an ultrashort, intensely bright X-ray pulse records the diffraction pattern of a sample before radiation damage destroys it.
Diffraction contrast
Diffraction contrast is a principal contrast mechanism in transmission electron microscopy, first observed in 1956, in which dislocations and stacking faults bend or strain the crystal lattice so Bragg diffraction makes them appear dark or bright.
Diffraction contrast tomography
Diffraction contrast tomography (DCT) is an X-ray imaging technique that reconstructs the three-dimensional grain shapes and orientations of polycrystalline materials, first reported by Wolfgang Ludwig and colleagues in 2008.
Diffraction from slits
Diffraction from slits, also called diffraction formalism, is the spreading and interference of waves passing through narrow openings, the classic demonstration that light is a wave.
Diffraction grating
A diffraction grating is an optical component with many parallel grooves or slits that splits light into its component wavelengths, each emerging at a different angle.
Diffraction microscopy
Diffraction microscopy, also known as coherent diffractive imaging (CDI), is a lensless imaging method that reconstructs a specimen's image computationally from its measured diffraction pattern.
Diffraction order
A diffraction order is one of the discrete output directions in which a diffraction grating sends light, labeled by the integer m in the grating equation.
Diffraction tomography
Diffraction tomography is an inverse-scattering imaging method that reconstructs the internal structure of weakly scattering objects from diffracted waves, unlike ray-based tomography, with applications in geophysics, breast ultrasound, and cell imaging.
Diffraction-limited storage ring
A diffraction-limited storage ring (DLSR) is an electron storage ring x-ray source whose emittance is low enough that the emitted x-rays are nearly fully spatially coherent.
Diffraction-limited system
A diffraction-limited system, or optical diffraction limit, is an optical instrument whose imaging performance is limited by the wave nature of light rather than by flaws in its optics.
Diffractive neural network
A diffractive neural network, or diffractive deep neural network, performs machine learning inference through light passing through trained diffractive layers, introduced by UCLA researchers in 2018.
Diffractive scattering
Diffractive scattering is a class of high-energy particle collisions in which one or both incoming hadrons emerge nearly intact, separated from the produced system by a large rapidity gap.
Diffractometry
Diffractometry is a family of techniques for determining the structure, phase composition, or texture of matter by analyzing diffraction patterns from X-rays, electrons, or neutrons, a field born in 1912.
Diffuse alveolar damage
Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD), the histologic hallmark of ARDS and the pathology behind acute interstitial pneumonia, is a lung injury pattern with exudative, proliferative, and fibrotic phases, hyaline membranes, and higher mortality when present in ARDS.
Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage
Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH), bleeding from pulmonary microcirculation into alveolar spaces, presents with hemoptysis, anemia, infiltrates, hypoxemic respiratory failure; mostly autoimmune causes, over 20% in-hospital mortality.
Diffuse axonal injury
Diffuse axonal injury (DAI), also called traumatic axonal injury (TAI), is widespread white-matter axon rupture from acceleration-deceleration forces in TBI; graded by Adams system, best seen on MRI/SWI, diagnosed in 40-50% of hospitalized TBI.
Diffuse brain injury
Diffuse brain injury (ICD-11 NA07.3), chiefly diffuse axonal injury (DAI), is widespread traumatic white-matter damage from rapid rotational acceleration-deceleration, graded Adams 1-3, common in severe TBI and worsening prognosis.
Diffuse capillary malformation with overgrowth
Diffuse capillary malformation with overgrowth (DCMO), ORPHA:714737, is a rare congenital vascular anomaly syndrome with extensive pink reticulated capillary malformations, proportionate overgrowth, and foot anomalies, linked to somatic PIK3CA, GNAQ, or GNA11 variants.
Diffuse correlation spectroscopy
Diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) is a noninvasive optical technique that measures a blood flow index in deep tissue, such as brain, muscle, and tumors, at the bedside.
Diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis
Diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis (DCM), the rarest and most severe cutaneous mastocytosis subtype, causes generalized erythroderma, peau d'orange thickened skin, and infantile blistering, with anaphylaxis risk and symptomatic antihistamine treatment.
Diffuse hemispheric glioma-H3 G34-mutant
Diffuse hemispheric glioma, H3 G34-mutant, is a rare malignant brain tumor of the cerebral hemispheres, defined by H3 G34R/V histone mutations, affecting mainly adolescents and young adults.
Diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia
DIPNECH (diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia) is a rare WHO pre-invasive lung lesion of proliferating neuroendocrine cells, mainly in nonsmoking women over 60, causing cough, dyspnea, nodules, and mosaic CT attenuation, sometimes progressing to carcinoid tumors.
Diffuse interface method
The diffuse interface method is a numerical modeling approach that treats the boundary between two phases as a smooth transition region described by a continuous order parameter.