All articles starting with D
24,034 articles
Diffuse interstellar bands
Diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs) are about 500 broad absorption features in starlight passing through interstellar gas and dust, first noticed by Mary Lea Heger in 1919.
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, about 30% of cases, marked by rapidly growing tumors in lymph nodes or organs.
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma associated with chronic inflammation
DLBCL associated with chronic inflammation (CI-DLBCL, pyothorax-associated lymphoma): EBV-positive aggressive large B-cell lymphoma arising after 10–35+ years in chronically inflamed body cavities or around implants; 5-year survival 20–35%.
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the central nervous system
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the CNS, also called secondary CNS lymphoma (SCNSL), is DLBCL spreading to brain, meninges, or spinal cord; rare (about 3% of DLBCL), mostly within two years, with median survival of months unless ASCT consolidation succeeds.
Diffuse leptomeningeal melanocytosis
Diffuse leptomeningeal melanocytosis (DLM), also called leptomeningeal melanomatosis when malignant, is a rare CNS tumor of leptomeningeal melanocytes diffusely infiltrating the pia and arachnoid, mostly in children with neurocutaneous melanosis, with poor prognosis once symptomatic.
Diffuse mesangial sclerosis
Diffuse mesangial sclerosis (DMS), ICD-11 MF80, a childhood glomerular histological pattern with mesangial expansion and basement membrane thickening causing nephrotic syndrome; genetic causes include WT1, PLCE1, and LAMB2.
Diffuse midline glioma, H3 K27-altered
Diffuse midline glioma, H3 K27-altered (DMG, formerly H3 K27M-mutant, largely DIPG), a CNS WHO grade 4 midline glioma defined by H3 K27me3 loss; dordaviprone became the first approved systemic therapy in 2025.
Diffuse Noxious Inhibitory Control
Diffuse noxious inhibitory control (DNIC), termed conditioned pain modulation (CPM) in humans, is a pain-inhibits-pain mechanism described by Le Bars in 1979, mediated by a brainstem spino-bulbo-spinal loop acting on wide dynamic range neurons.
Diffuse optical imaging
Diffuse optical imaging (DOI) is a biomedical imaging technique using near-infrared light to reconstruct maps of hemoglobin, oxygenation, and blood flow in tissue several centimeters deep.
Diffuse optical spectroscopy
Diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS) is a noninvasive technique that uses near-infrared light to measure hemoglobin, water, and lipid in thick tissue, applied to breast cancer monitoring and cerebral hemodynamics.
Diffuse optical tomography
Diffuse optical tomography (DOT) is a medical imaging method that reconstructs 3-D maps of near-infrared light absorption in thick tissue, applied to breast tumors and brain function.
Diffuse orbital inflammation
Diffuse orbital inflammation (ICD-11 9A22.1), also called diffuse idiopathic orbital inflammation or orbital pseudotumor, is a noninfectious, non-neoplastic inflammatory condition diffusely involving orbital fat, diagnosed by exclusion and treated first with corticosteroids.
Diffuse panbronchiolitis
Diffuse panbronchiolitis (DPB, 弥漫性泛细支气管炎) is a rare idiopathic inflammatory lung disease of respiratory bronchioles, mainly affecting East Asians, marked by chronic sinusitis, cough, sputum, tree-in-bud HRCT nodules, and treatable with low-dose macrolides.
Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy
Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy, also known as diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy or DRIFTS, is an infrared technique for analyzing powders without pellet pressing, widely used in catalyst research.
Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy
Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) is an optical technique measuring light scattered back from turbid materials, powders, and biological tissue to recover absorption and scattering properties, used in medicine and industry.
Diffuse reflection
Diffuse reflection scatters light or electromagnetic radiation into many directions rather than a single mirror direction, occurring when a surface is rough on the scale of its wavelength.
Diffuse scattering
Diffuse scattering is the component of a diffraction pattern spread continuously through reciprocal space rather than concentrated in sharp Bragg peaks, arising from thermal motion and disorder.
Diffuse sky radiation
Diffuse sky radiation, also called diffuse horizontal irradiance (DHI), is the sunlight scattered by molecules, aerosols, and clouds that reaches the ground from the whole sky rather than directly from the sun.
Diffuse supernova neutrino background
The diffuse supernova neutrino background (DSNB), also called the supernova relic neutrino background, is the accumulated neutrino flux from all past core-collapse supernovae, first indicated by Super-Kamiokande in 2026.
Diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis
Diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis (DUSN), or unilateral wipe-out syndrome, is a unilateral chorioretinitis caused by a mobile subretinal nematode such as Toxocara canis or Baylisascaris procyonis, treated by laser photocoagulation or albendazole.
Diffuser (compressor)
A diffuser in a compressor is a stationary passage downstream of the impeller that slows the working fluid, converting kinetic energy into static pressure, especially in centrifugal compressors.
Diffusing-wave spectroscopy
Diffusing-wave spectroscopy (DWS) is an optical technique measuring particle motion in opaque materials like colloids, gels, and tissue, introduced by Pine, Weitz, Chaikin, and Herbolzheimer in 1988.
Diffusion
Diffusion is the net movement of a substance from regions of higher to lower concentration, driven by random particle motion without external energy, described by Fick's laws.
Diffusion bonding
Diffusion bonding, also called diffusion welding, is a solid-state joining process in which heat and pressure unite clean surfaces by atomic diffusion without melting, used mainly in aerospace.
Diffusion brazing
Diffusion brazing, also known as transient liquid phase (TLP) bonding, is a joining process where a liquid filler diffuses into the base metal until the joint matches its strength.
Diffusion chronometry
Diffusion chronometry is a geochemical method that converts chemical zoning profiles in minerals into durations of thermal events, most commonly the interval between magma recharge and eruption.
Diffusion combustion
Diffusion combustion, also called non-premixed combustion, is combustion in which fuel and oxidizer start separate and burn where they mix, as in diesel engines and open fires.
Diffusion encoding (NMR spectroscopy)
Diffusion encoding is an NMR technique that applies magnetic field gradients to measure molecular self-diffusion coefficients; its DOSY variant separates mixture spectra without physical separation.
Diffusion equation
The diffusion equation is a partial differential equation describing how heat or concentration spreads through a medium over time, first derived by Joseph Fourier in 1822 and identical to the heat equation.
Diffusion kurtosis imaging
Diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) is an MRI technique that quantifies non-Gaussian water diffusion in tissue, extending diffusion tensor imaging; it was introduced by Jens Jensen and colleagues in 2005.