All articles starting with E
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Elections in China
Elections in China (中国选举): direct voting exists only for county and township people's congresses and village committees; higher bodies, including the NPC, are indirectly elected under Communist Party-led, non-competitive rules.
Elections in Cuba
Elections in Cuba: one-party polls under the Communist Party of Cuba (PCC). Municipal elections are multi-candidate but ban campaigning; National Assembly seats (470 since 2023) have one candidate each, all deemed elected, turnout 75.9% in 2023.
Elections in Cyprus
Elections in the Republic of Cyprus are regular contests that fill the House of Representatives, the presidency, and six European Parliament seats. These contests are universal, secret, and non-compulsory.
Elections in Egypt
Elections in Egypt cover presidential, parliamentary, and referendum votes administered by the National Election Authority, from the 1866 first elected chamber through the competitive 2012 vote to Sisi-era elections with 89.6% (2023) results and single-list 2025 parliamentary races.
Elections in European microstates
Elections in European microstates covers how Andorra, Liechtenstein, and San Marino elect their parliaments, comparing electoral systems such as Liechtenstein's open-list PR and San Marino's majority bonus, with recent results and turnout.
Elections in France
Elections in France: citizens elect the president, National Assembly (577 deputies), Senate, and local and European representatives, mostly by two-round majoritarian voting; direct presidential suffrage dates from 1962, women's suffrage from 1944.
Elections in Germany
Elections in Germany (Wahlen in Deutschland) cover Bundestag, European, Land, and municipal votes. Two-vote personalized proportional representation, 5% threshold, 630 seats, 2023 reform, next federal election spring 2029.
Elections in Greece
Elections in Greece: national parliamentary (300 seats, 151 for majority), European (21 MEPs, 3% threshold), and presidential votes. First post-junta election 17 November 1974; May and June 2023 double election; next vote spring 2027.
Elections in India
Elections in India: national and state contests for the Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha and state legislatures run by the Election Commission of India under Article 324. First-past-the-post voting on EVMs with VVPAT, a Model Code of Conduct, seven-phase 2024 election, NDA 293 of 543 seats.
Elections in Indonesia
Elections in Indonesia (pemilu) include national legislative and presidential votes and regional head elections (pilkada), run by the independent KPU. Key facts: 1955 first election, 91.54% turnout; open-list PR with 4% threshold; 2024 simultaneous elections, Prabowo winning 58.6%; separate national and local elections from 2029.
Elections in Israel
Elections in Israel fill the 120-seat Knesset by nationwide closed-list proportional representation with a 3.25% threshold and Bader-Ofer surplus allocation; from 1996 to 2001 the Prime Minister was directly elected, a system later repealed.
Elections in Japan
Elections in Japan (選挙) choose the bicameral National Diet: a 465-seat House of Representatives and 248-seat House of Councillors, elected since the 1994 reform under a mixed single-member district and proportional representation system dominated historically by the LDP.
Elections in Malta
Elections in Malta: national, European Parliament, local council, and referendum voting under single transferable vote (STV) in use since 1921, with 13 five-seat constituencies, a two-party outcome, and constitutional corrective seat mechanisms.
Elections in Mexico
Elections in Mexico, organized by the INE and adjudicated by the TEPJF, renew the presidency, Congress, 32 state governments and, since the June 2025 judicial election, federal and state judges; the 2027 midterms elect 500 deputies and 17 governorships.
Elections in North Korea
Elections in North Korea: periodic single-candidate yes-or-no votes for the Supreme People's Assembly and local people's assemblies under Workers' Party control, with mandatory voting, reported turnouts above 99 percent, the 1948–1957 black-and-white ballot system, and the 2023 election law revision.
Elections in Pakistan
Elections in Pakistan (پاکستانی انتخابات): national and provincial contests under the 1973 Constitution run by the Election Commission of Pakistan. National Assembly: 342 seats, 272 FPTP plus reserved women and non-Muslim seats; first direct general election 1970; latest, 8 February 2024, gave PTI-backed independents the most directly elected seats but led to a PML-N and PPP coalition under Shehbaz Sharif.
Elections in Russia
Elections in Russia: national, regional, and local votes since 1989, now held under electoral authoritarianism. No democratic transfer of power; United Russia dominates; OSCE observers excluded; Golos dismantled; statistical fraud studies.
Elections in Scotland
Elections in Scotland (Scottish Parliament elections, Holyrood elections) use the Additional Member System: 73 constituency MSPs by first-past-the-post plus 56 regional MSPs by modified d'Hondt party list, every five years; SNP won 64 of 129 seats in 2021, turnout 53.4% in 2026.
Elections in South Africa
Elections in South Africa: national, provincial and local contests run by the IEC under proportional representation since the first non-racial vote of 27 April 1994; the ANC ruled until losing its majority in the 2024 election, forcing a coalition government.
Elections in Spain
Elections in Spain (elecciones en España) cover general, European, regional, and local votes under LOREG. Congress uses closed-list D'Hondt PR in 50 provinces with a 3% threshold; the Senate uses majority voting; first democratic election 15 June 1977.
Elections in Tamil Nadu
Elections in Tamil Nadu: contests for the 234-seat state Legislative Assembly. Dominated since 1967 by the DMK and AIADMK Dravidian parties; the debutant Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam won 108 of 234 seats in the single-phase 23 April 2026 election.
Elections in the Netherlands
Elections in the Netherlands (Nederlandse verkiezingen): proportional representation since 1917 with no formal threshold, 150-seat House elected nationwide, plus European, provincial, municipal, and water authority elections.
Elections in the Philippines
Elections in the Philippines: synchronized triennial national and local polls run by COMELEC, automated since 2010, marked by weak parties, clientelism, and entrenched political dynasties despite a constitutional ban.
Elections in the Republic of Ireland
Elections in the Republic of Ireland, also called Irish elections, use PR-STV (proportional representation, single transferable vote) for Dáil, local, European, presidential, and mayoral elections; 174 TDs in 43 constituencies, quota-based counting, referendums by yes/no.
Elections in the Roman Republic
Elections in the Roman Republic, also called Roman elections or elections in ancient Rome, were annual assemblies where citizens voted in groups to elect consuls and other magistrates.
Elections in the United Kingdom
Elections in the United Kingdom: general elections to the 650-seat House of Commons use first past the post, while devolved legislatures use AMS, STV, and closed-list PR; the 2024 result was the most disproportionate on record.
Elections in the United States
Elections in the United States: decentralized state-run contests for president, Congress, and local offices, using the Electoral College, primaries, and federal laws like the VRA, NVRA, and HAVA.
Elections in Uttar Pradesh
Elections in Uttar Pradesh, India's most populous state: 80 Lok Sabha seats (17 SC-reserved), 403-seat Vidhan Sabha (85 SC-reserved), ECI-administered, BJP vs SP-BSP competition, 2022 BJP win (255 seats, 41.29%), 2024 SP-led reversal (37 seats).
Elections in Venezuela
Elections in Venezuela, run by the National Electoral Council (CNE), cover presidential, legislative, and regional contests. Key facts: electronic voting with paper actas, disputed 2018 and 2024 Maduro victories, 2025 boycott election, and post-2026 transition.
Elections to the European Parliament
Elections to the European Parliament: five-yearly direct elections by universal suffrage since June 1979 under the 1976 Electoral Act, using proportional representation; 720 MEPs elected in June 2024.