All articles starting with E
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Elective Affinities
Elective Affinities, or Die Wahlverwandtschaften, is a novel by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, his third, published in 1809, in which a married couple and two guests form new attachments.
Elective monarchy
Elective monarchy: a monarchy where the ruler is chosen by election rather than hereditary succession. Key cases include the Holy Roman Empire, the papacy, Poland-Lithuania's 1573 free election, and Malaysia's five-year Yang di-Pertuan Agong.
Elective share
Elective share, also called statutory or forced share, is a US surviving spouse's right to take a fixed fraction, traditionally one-third, of a deceased spouse's estate despite the will; UPC states use an augmented estate reaching nonprobate transfers.
Elective Surgical Procedures
Elective surgical procedures: operations that can be postponed or omitted without danger to the patient, also called elective surgery. Includes cosmetic, contraceptive, cataract, hernia, and joint replacement procedures; distinct from urgent and emergency surgery.
Electoral activity of the Democratic Socialists of America
The electoral activity of the Democratic Socialists of America is its decentralized practice of endorsing candidates, with local chapters and the national body endorsing independently.
Electoral charter of the Zemsky Sobor of 1613
The electoral charter of the Zemsky Sobor of 1613 (Избирательная грамота Михаила Фёдоровича) is the act electing Mikhail Romanov tsar, written in Moscow in May 1613.
Electoral college
The Electoral College is the U.S. process for electing the president: 538 electors allocated by congressional delegation, 270 needed to win, winner-take-all in 48 states, with popular-vote divergences in 1824, 1876, 1888, 2000, and 2016.
Electoral College (India)
The Electoral College (India) elects the President under Articles 54-55: elected MPs and MLAs of States, Delhi, and Puducherry vote by single transferable vote with population-weighted values based on the 1971 census.
Electoral Count Act
The Electoral Count Act of 1887, also called the ECA, was the U.S. federal law governing Congress's counting of presidential electoral votes, created after the disputed 1876 Hayes-Tilden election and replaced by the Electoral Count Reform Act of 2022.
Electoral Dispute Resolution Tribunals in Latin America
Electoral dispute resolution tribunals in Latin America are specialized courts that adjudicate election challenges and often run elections, pioneered by Uruguay in 1924 and Chile in 1925.
Electoral district
Electoral district (constituency, riding, ward): a geographic area electing one or more representatives. Covers district magnitude, single-member vs multimember districts, U.S. redistricting law, gerrymandering, and proportionality effects.
Electoral district (Canada)
Electoral district (Canada), also called riding or constituency (circonscription in Quebec usage): one of 343 federal or 780 provincial areas each electing one member, redrawn decennially by independent commissions within a ±25% population quota.
Electoral district of Secret Harbour
Secret Harbour is a single-member Western Australian Legislative Assembly district created at the 2023 redistribution from Warnbro, covering part of Rockingham and part of Mandurah. Paul Papalia won it in 2025; a 2026 by-election after his retirement gave One Nation its first WA lower house seat.
Electoral fraud
Electoral fraud is the illegal attempt to shape an election's result. It covers clandestine efforts by candidates and parties through vote buying and voter intimidation.
Electoral fraud in the United States
Electoral fraud in the United States covers illegal efforts to shape election results. Individual fraud occurs but systematic manipulation has not been shown; disputes center on the Heritage fraud database, noncitizen voting, and 2020 claims.
Electoral history of Barack Obama
Barack Obama's electoral history includes three Illinois state senate victories, a 2004 U.S. Senate win, and two presidential elections, becoming the first Black president in 2008.
Electoral history of Justin Trudeau
Electoral history of Justin Trudeau: five straight wins as Liberal candidate for Papineau, Quebec, 2008-2021; leadership 2013; majority 2015, minorities 2019 and 2021; resignation 2025.
Electoral history of Mark Carney
Electoral history of Mark Carney: Liberal leadership win 9 March 2025 with 85.88% of points, prime minister from 14 March 2025, MP for Nepean, Liberals first in the 45th general election 28 April 2025 with 169 of 343 seats, minority, later 174-seat majority.
Electoral history of Pierre Poilievre
The electoral history of Pierre Poilievre covers his seven federal election wins from 2004 to 2021, his 2025 defeat in Carleton, and his 2025 by-election return.
Electoral history of Rahul Gandhi
Electoral history of Rahul Gandhi: seven Lok Sabha candidacies 2004-2024 as INC candidate, six wins. Amethi wins 2004-2014, 2019 Amethi loss to Smriti Irani, Wayanad wins 2019 and 2024, Rae Bareli 2024, now 12th Leader of the Opposition.
Electoral law of Brazil
The electoral law of Brazil governs Brazilian elections under the Superior Electoral Tribunal (TSE), with compulsory voting and elections on the first Sunday of October.
Electoral law of December 11, 1905 and June 3, 1907
The Electoral law of December 11, 1905 and June 3, 1907 (Положение о выборах в Государственную думу) governed elections to the Russian State Duma, created during the 1905 revolution.
Electoral Palatinate
Electoral Palatinate (Kurpfalz), a Wittelsbach principality of the Holy Roman Empire centered on Heidelberg, held an imperial electoral vote from the 1356 Golden Bull until 1623, regained an eighth vote in 1648, and was dissolved in 1803.
Electoral reform
Electoral reform: changing electoral rules, systems, registration, finance, and administration. Covers the 1990s reform wave (Italy, New Zealand, Japan), elite-driven versus popular reform, and recent cases in Italy, Australia, Canada, the UK, and US ballot measures.
Electoral Reform Society
Electoral Reform Society (ERS), formerly Proportional Representation Society, UK's oldest democratic-reform campaigner founded 1884 by Sir John Lubbock; advocates Single Transferable Vote, member-owned, offices London, Cardiff, Edinburgh.
Electoral roll
An electoral roll, also called an electoral register or voter roll, is the official list of persons entitled to vote, which election authorities use to assign ballots.
Electoral system
Electoral system: the rules converting votes into seats, grouped by International IDEA into plurality/majority, proportional, and mixed families with 12 main systems including FPTP, List PR, and MMP.
Electoral system of Australia
Australia's federal electoral system: compulsory enrolment and voting, preferential (alternative) voting for 150 House of Representatives divisions, Senate proportional representation by STV with 76 senators, independent AEC administration, and 2025 funding reform with $5,000 disclosure threshold from 1 January 2027.
Electoral system of Germany
The electoral system of Germany elects the Bundestag by personalized proportional representation, with each voter casting two votes, one for a candidate and one for a party list.
Electoral system of India
Electoral system of India: universal adult suffrage with first-past-the-post in 543 single-member Lok Sabha constituencies, run by the Election Commission of India (est. 25 January 1950); Rajya Sabha uses single transferable vote; EVMs since 2004, VVPAT nationwide since 2019.