All articles starting with E
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Electoral threshold
Electoral threshold: minimum vote share a party needs for legislative seats, mainly in proportional systems. Formal legal bars (typically 3-5%) versus effective thresholds from district magnitude; causes wasted votes and disproportionality, as in Turkey 2002.
Electorate of Bavaria
Electorate of Bavaria (Kurfürstentum Bayern), 1623–1806, a Wittelsbach hereditary electorate of the Holy Roman Empire; electoral dignity granted to Maximilian I in 1623, confirmed at Westphalia 1648, ended by elevation to a kingdom in 1806.
Electorate of Cologne
The Electorate of Cologne (Kurköln) was an ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire ruled by the Archbishop of Cologne, one of seven prince-electors, until 1803.
Electorate of Hanover
Electorate of Hanover (Kurfürstentum Hannover), ninth electorate of the Holy Roman Empire created 1692 for Brunswick-Lüneburg; in personal union with Great Britain 1714–1837, kingdom 1814, annexed by Prussia 1866.
Electorate of Saxony
Electorate of Saxony (Kurfürstentum Sachsen, Kursachsen): Holy Roman Empire electoral state 1356–1806, created by the Golden Bull for Saxe-Wittenberg, held by the Wettins from 1423, ending as the Kingdom of Saxony in 1806.
Electra (2024 film)
Electra (2024 film) by Hala Matar, also called Electra, is an American-Italian mystery thriller starring Maria Bakalova, Abigail Cowen, Jack Farthing, and Daryl Wein, released May 2, 2025 by Level 33 Entertainment.
Electra (Pleiad)
Electra (Ἠλέκτρα), one of the seven Pleiades of Greek mythology, daughter of Atlas and Pleione; by Zeus she bore Dardanus, ancestor of Troy's royal house, and Iasion, and is tied to the Palladium and the lost-Pleiad star tradition.
Electra (Sophocles play)
Sophocles' Electra (Ἠλέκτρα), a Greek tragedy of c. 420-410 BC set at Mycenae, in which Electra endures Clytemnestra and Aegisthus until Orestes returns, kills them, and ends the curse on the house of Atreus.
Electra (Ἠλέκτρα)
Electra (Ἠλέκτρα) is a Greek mythological figure, daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra, who helps her brother Orestes avenge their father by killing their mother and Aegisthus.
Electra Battery Materials
Electra Battery Materials Corporation, formerly First Cobalt Corp., is a Canadian company building North America's first battery-grade cobalt sulfate refinery at Temiskaming Shores, Ontario, with cobalt assets in Idaho.
Electra complex
Electra complex: the female counterpart of Freud's Oedipus complex, coined by Carl Jung in 1913, describing a girl's alleged attachment to her father and rivalry with her mother; Freud rejected the term, and modern psychology regards it as unsupported.
Electra Heart
Electra Heart is Marina and the Diamonds' 2012 concept album, built on a blonde alter ego embodying female American archetypes; a UK number one with mixed reviews that became her cult classic.
Electrabel
Electrabel is a Belgian energy company, created in 1990 by Tractebel and part of ENGIE since 2008, that is Belgium's leading electricity supplier and operates the Doel and Tihange nuclear power stations.
Electrasteel, Inc.
Electrasteel, Inc., doing business as Electra, is a Boulder, Colorado clean-iron startup founded in 2020 by Sandeep Nijhawan and Quoc Pham that refines iron ore at 60 degrees Celsius using renewable electricity.
ELECTRE
ELECTRE (ELimination Et Choix Traduisant la REalité), also known as the ELECTRE method, is a family of outranking methods in multi-criteria decision analysis developed by Bernard Roy since the mid-1960s.
Electret
An electret is a dielectric material carrying a permanent or quasi-permanent electric charge without external power, the electrostatic counterpart of a permanent magnet, coined by Oliver Heaviside.
Electret microphone
An electret microphone is a condenser microphone whose polarizing charge comes from a permanent electret, invented by Sessler and West at Bell Labs in 1962.
Electric AI (Electric)
Electric AI is a New York technology company providing IT support and management software for small and mid-sized businesses, founded by CEO Ryan Denehy in 2016.
Electric aircraft
An electric aircraft, also called an electric airplane, is an airplane propelled by electric motors drawing power from batteries, practical today for short ranges and light payloads.
Electric arc
An electric arc, also known as a voltaic arc or arc discharge, is a self-sustaining electrical discharge through plasma between electrodes, used in welding and steelmaking and seen in lightning.
Electric arc furnace
An electric arc furnace (EAF) is a steelmaking furnace that melts iron-bearing material, chiefly recycled scrap, with electric arcs between graphite electrodes, accounting for about 30% of global steel production.
Electric arc furnace steelmaking
Electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking produces crude steel by melting steel scrap with heat from electric arcs between graphite electrodes; a lower-carbon alternative to blast furnaces, it makes about 29% of world steel.
Electric Avenue (song)
"Electric Avenue" is a 1982 reggae-funk song by Eddy Grant from Killer on the Rampage, inspired by the 1981 Brixton riots and named for the Brixton market street first lit by electricity; it peaked at No. 2 in both the UK and US in 1983.
Electric battery
An electric battery, or electrochemical battery, converts chemical energy into electricity. It dates to Volta's 1800 pile and comes in single-use primary and rechargeable secondary types.
Electric bicycle
An electric bicycle, commonly called an e-bike, is a bicycle with an electric motor that assists propulsion, first patented by Ogden Bolton Jr. of Ohio in 1895.
Electric bicycle laws
Electric bicycle laws, also known as e-bike laws, set power and speed limits that decide whether an e-bike is treated as a bicycle or a motor vehicle.
Electric blanket
An electric blanket is a blanket with an integrated electrical heating element, controlled by a detachable unit, that warms a bed or the body from mains power.
Electric Bloom
Electric Bloom is an American musical comedy series from Disney Branded Television. It follows three pop stars as they recount their journey from high school to fame.
Electric blues
Electric blues is a music style defined by amplified instruments, led by the electric guitar. It emerged in American cities in the 1930s, developing most prominently in Chicago.
Electric boat
An electric boat, also known as an electric vessel, is a watercraft propelled by electric motors drawing on onboard batteries, first demonstrated on the Neva River in 1838.