All articles starting with E
17,681 articles
Electrochemical dearomatization
Electrochemical dearomatization is a set of organic synthesis methods that use electrode electrons instead of chemical oxidants to convert planar aromatic rings into sp3-rich cyclic products.
Electrochemical depolymerization of lignin and plastics in flow reactors
Electrochemical depolymerization of lignin and plastics in flow reactors uses electric current in continuously pumped electrolyte to break lignin and plastic waste into aromatic monomers and hydrogen under mild conditions.
Electrochemical difunctionalization
Electrochemical difunctionalization is a class of organic reactions that adds two functional groups across alkene or alkyne bonds using electrode-driven electric current instead of chemical oxidants.
Electrochemical discharge machining
Electrochemical discharge machining (ECDM), also known as spark assisted chemical engraving (SACE), is a micromachining process that machines nonconductive materials like glass, quartz, and ceramics for MEMS devices.
Electrochemical flow chemistry
Electrochemical flow chemistry performs electrochemical reactions, where electrodes replace chemical oxidants and reductants, in a flowing reactor rather than a batch vessel, and is regarded as the best scale-up strategy for electrosynthesis.
Electrochemical fluorination
Electrochemical fluorination, also called the Simons process, replaces carbon-bonded hydrogen with fluorine by electrolysis in liquid anhydrous hydrogen fluoride, first commercialized by 3M in 1951.
Electrochemical hydrogen compressor
An electrochemical hydrogen compressor (EHC) is a device that compresses hydrogen by pumping protons across a proton exchange membrane, offering noiseless, vibration-free operation with no moving parts.
Electrochemical hydrogenation
Electrochemical hydrogenation (ECH) is a method of adding hydrogen to unsaturated organic compounds in an electrochemical cell, where the cathode supplies electrons and water serves as the hydrogen source, avoiding compressed hydrogen gas.
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), also known as AC impedance spectroscopy, applies small sinusoidal voltages across many frequencies to separate processes like charge transfer, diffusion, and adsorption.
Electrochemical ironmaking
Electrochemical ironmaking is the reduction of iron ore to metallic iron by electrolysis, using electricity instead of carbon or hydrogen, developed as a near-zero-emission alternative to blast furnace ironmaking.
Electrochemical Kolbe-type couplings
Electrochemical Kolbe-type couplings are anodic decarboxylative reactions in which carboxylic acids are oxidized at an electrode to form carbon radicals that forge new carbon–carbon bonds.
Electrochemical machining
Electrochemical machining (ECM) is a manufacturing process that dissolves metal from a conductive workpiece in an electrolyte, shaping hard alloys like turbine blades without tool wear or a heat-affected layer.
Electrochemical mass spectrometry
Electrochemical mass spectrometry (EC-MS), including the DEMS variant, couples an electrochemical cell to a mass spectrometer to detect and quantify volatile electrode products and intermediates in real time.
Electrochemical methane oxidation
Electrochemical methane oxidation converts methane to partially oxidized products such as methanol at an electrode under mild conditions, aiming for selectivity against the competing oxygen evolution reaction.
Electrochemical nickel catalysis
Electrochemical nickel catalysis applies an electric current through electrodes to generate the active oxidation states of a nickel catalyst in organic synthesis, growing rapidly since about 2010.
Electrochemical nitrate reduction
Electrochemical nitrate reduction (NO3RR) is an electrocatalytic method that converts dissolved nitrate ions into ammonia or nitrogen gas, for ammonia synthesis and nitrate removal from water.
Electrochemical nitrogen reduction
Electrochemical nitrogen reduction (NRR) is an electrocatalytic method that converts atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia at an electrode, pursued as an alternative to the Haber–Bosch process.
Electrochemical organocatalysis
Electrochemical organocatalysis combines organocatalysis, catalysis by small metal-free organic molecules, with anodic or cathodic electron transfer, so an electrode replaces stoichiometric chemical oxidants or reductants in asymmetric synthesis.
Electrochemical oxidation
Electrochemical oxidation is a chemical reaction in which an atom or molecule loses electrons at the anode when current is passed, used in organic synthesis and water treatment.
Electrochemical oxidation of HMF to FDCA
The electrochemical oxidation of HMF to FDCA is an anodic electrosynthesis converting biomass-derived HMF into FDCA, the precursor to PEF, a recyclable bio-based potential replacement for PET.
Electrochemical oxidative coupling
Electrochemical oxidative coupling is a synthetic method that joins two organic substrates by anodic oxidation at an electrode, replacing stoichiometric chemical oxidants with electricity and releasing hydrogen at the cathode.
Electrochemical pH-swing CO2 capture with quinone electrodes
Electrochemical pH-swing CO2 capture with quinone electrodes is a carbon-capture method where electrochemically reduced and oxidized quinones shift the pH of a solution, absorbing CO2 at high pH and releasing it at low pH.
Electrochemical polymerization
Electrochemical polymerization, also called electropolymerization, is a synthesis method in which an electrode's applied potential grows polymer films, chiefly conducting polymers such as polypyrrole and PEDOT.
Electrochemical potential
The electrochemical potential is the partial molar Gibbs energy of a substance at a specified electric potential, combining chemical and electrical contributions and underlying the Nernst equation.
Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance
The electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) combines a quartz crystal microbalance with an electrochemical cell to measure mass changes at an electrode surface while current and potential are recorded.
Electrochemical random-access memory
Electrochemical random-access memory (ECRAM), also called a redox transistor, is a three-terminal non-volatile memory that stores analog conductance states via ion insertion, used as synapses in analog AI accelerators.
Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide
Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide, or carbon dioxide electrolysis, is an electrolysis process that converts CO2 into products such as carbon monoxide, formic acid, and ethylene.
Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide
Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide, or CO2-to-CO electrolysis, uses electrocatalysts at a cathode to convert CO2 into carbon monoxide, a key chemical-industry feedstock.
Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to ethylene
The electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to ethylene is an electrosynthesis process that reduces CO₂ at copper cathodes to ethylene, pursued as a lower-carbon alternative to petroleum-based production.
Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to methanol
Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to methanol is an electrolysis process converting CO2 to methanol at a cathode, requiring a demanding six-electron reduction and copper-based catalysts.