All articles starting with E
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Electrochemical reductive amination
Electrochemical reductive amination is a synthetic method that uses electricity at a cathode, rather than chemical reagents, to convert carbonyl compounds and amines into amines.
Electrochemical Scanning Microscopy
Electrochemical scanning microscopy (SECM, SECCM) comprises scanning probe techniques using micro/nanoelectrode or pipette-droplet probes to map local electrochemical activity, topography, and kinetics on electrocatalysts, batteries, and living cells.
Electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy
Electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (EC-STM) is a form of scanning tunneling microscopy in which an immersed tunneling junction images electrode surfaces at atomic resolution under potential control, first reported in 1986.
Electrochemical surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
Electrochemical surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (EC-SERS) is a spectroelectrochemical technique that records greatly enhanced Raman spectra at electrified nanostructured electrodes, first reported in 1974 with pyridine on roughened silver.
Electrochemical synthesis
Electrochemical synthesis, also known as electrosynthesis, drives oxidation and reduction reactions by supplying electrons directly at electrodes, replacing stoichiometric redox reagents with cheap electric current, and spans organic synthesis and ammonia formation.
Electrochemical synthesis of hydrogen peroxide
Electrochemical synthesis of hydrogen peroxide is the production of H₂O₂ from water, oxygen, and electricity in an electrolytic cell, studied as a decentralized alternative to the dominant anthraquinone process.
Electrochemical synthesis of urea
Electrochemical synthesis of urea is the production of urea by electrocatalytic coupling of carbon dioxide with a nitrogen source such as nitrate under ambient conditions.
Electrochemical upcycling of glycerol
Electrochemical upcycling of glycerol is the conversion of glycerol, especially the crude glycerol coproduced with biodiesel, into higher-value chemicals like formic acid and dihydroxyacetone by electrocatalytic oxidation at an electrode under mild conditions.
Electrochemical upcycling of plastic waste
Electrochemical upcycling of plastic waste is a family of processes that use electrode reactions to convert waste polymers, especially PET, into higher-value chemicals, fuels, and monomers under mild conditions, a field growing rapidly since around 2021.
Electrochemiluminescence
Electrochemiluminescence, also called electrogenerated chemiluminescence or ECL, is light emission produced when electrochemically generated reactive intermediates form excited states, a technique offering high sensitivity and the basis of billions of clinical immunoassays run yearly.
Electrochemiluminescence assay
An electrochemiluminescence (ECL) assay is a bioanalytical method that quantifies biomolecules by generating light through electrochemical reactions at an electrode, most commonly in sandwich immunoassays using a ruthenium label.
Electrochemiluminescence detection
Electrochemiluminescence detection is an analytical technique in which electrochemical reactions excite species that emit light, allowing analytes near an electrode to be quantified from photon intensity.
Electrochemiluminescence imaging
Electrochemiluminescence imaging is an analytical method that records light from electrochemical reactions at an electrode with a camera, mapping target molecules across the surface with near-zero optical background.
Electrochemiluminescence immunoassay
Electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) is a laboratory binding assay in which an electrode triggers a ruthenium label to emit light, quantifying over 100 biomarkers in serum and blood.
Electrochemistry
Electrochemistry is the branch of chemistry that studies chemical processes involving electron transfer, especially reactions at the interface between an electrode and an electrolyte, converting chemical energy to electrical energy and back.
Electrochemotherapy
Electrochemotherapy is a local cancer treatment that combines high-voltage electric pulses with bleomycin or cisplatin, used mainly for cutaneous tumor nodules, achieving response rates near 80%.
Electrochromatography
Electrochromatography is a separation technique in which an electric field drives the mobile phase and analytes through a chromatographic stationary phase, so each compound's migration time reflects both electrophoretic mobility and chromatographic retention.
Electrochromism
Electrochromism is the reversible change of a material's color or optical properties when a voltage or current is applied, underlying smart windows, dimming mirrors, and displays.
Electroclash
Electroclash is an electronic dance music subgenre of the late 1990s and early 2000s, also called new electro or electro punk, blending synthpop, electro, and techno with punk attitude; popularized by Larry Tee's 2001 New York Electroclash Festival, with acts like Fischerspooner and Peaches, and revived in the 2020s.
Electrocoagulation
Electrocoagulation is a surgical technique that heats tissue with high-frequency alternating current, used to coagulate blood vessels, stop bleeding, or cut tissue during endoscopic and open surgery.
Electrocochleography
Electrocochleography (ECochG) is an electrophysiological test recording electrical potentials from the cochlea and auditory nerve in response to sound, used mainly to diagnose Meniere disease.
Electroconvulsive therapy
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT): seizure-inducing brain stimulation treatment developed by Cerletti and Bini in Rome in 1938, used for severe depression, catatonia, and mania; effective short-term but causes memory loss.
Electrocorticography
Electrocorticography (ECoG) records brain electrical activity from electrodes on the cortical surface, used in epilepsy surgery and brain-computer interfaces; micro-ECoG arrays reach sub-millimeter resolution.
Electrocution
Electrocution by electric chair: a US execution method proposed in 1881 by dentist Albert Southwick, first used on William Kemmler in 1890, dominant for nearly a century, now a backup method in nine states.
Electrocyclic reaction
An electrocyclic reaction, also called electrocyclic rearrangement, is a pericyclic reaction in which a sigma bond forms or breaks between the ends of a conjugated pi system.
Electrode
An electrode is an electron conductor in an electrochemical cell where oxidation and reduction occur; the same word names welding rods, transistor gates, and biomedical sensors.
Electrode implantation
Electrode implantation is the stereotactic surgical placement of electrodes in the brain, mainly to localize seizures in epilepsy or deliver deep brain stimulation for movement disorders.
Electrode potential
Electrode potential, symbol E, is the electromotive force of a cell with the standard hydrogen electrode on the left; the SHE defines the zero of the scale.
Electrodeionization
Electrodeionization, also called continuous electrodeionization or CEDI, is a water treatment method that removes dissolved ions with ion-exchange resin in an electric field, without acid or caustic regeneration.
Electrodeposition
Electrodeposition is the process of depositing metal onto an electrode by passing electric current through an electrolyte; when used as a coating it is called electroplating.