All articles starting with E

Electron hole

An electron hole is a quasiparticle representing a missing electron in a filled valence band, behaving as a mobile positive charge carrier with charge +e in semiconductors.

Electron holography is an electron-microscopy technique that reconstructs the phase of the electron wave passing through a specimen, quantitatively imaging electric and magnetic fields at nanometer resolution.

Electron Hong-Ou-Mandel interferometry

Electron Hong-Ou-Mandel interferometry, or electronic HOM interferometry, collides single electrons from independent sources on a beam splitter; indistinguishable fermions antibunch, giving a Pauli dip that measures wave-packet indistinguishability.

Electron hydrodynamics

Viscous electron flow is a regime of electrical conduction in which momentum-conserving electron collisions dominate, so charge flows like a viscous fluid described by hydrodynamic equations rather than Ohm's law.

Electron hydrodynamics in graphene

Electron hydrodynamics in graphene is a transport regime where electrons collide with each other and flow collectively like a viscous fluid rather than obeying Ohm's law.

Electron ionization

Electron ionization, also called electron impact ionization, is the process in which an electron collision ejects bound electrons from an atom or molecule, leaving a positive ion.

Sep 21, 2026

Electron Kebebew

Electron Kebebew is an American endocrine surgeon and scientist, Chief of General Surgery at Stanford since 2018 and previously inaugural chief of the National Cancer Institute's endocrine oncology branch.

Electron localization function

The electron localization function (ELF), introduced by Axel Becke and Kathrin Edgecombe in 1990, visualizes chemical bonds, lone pairs, and atomic shells from quantum chemical calculations.

Electron magnetic moment

The electron magnetic moment is the magnetic dipole moment of the electron, produced by its spin and electric charge and measured in units of the Bohr magneton.

Electron mass

The electron mass, also called the electron rest mass, is the mass of the electron, the lightest charged elementary particle, about 9.109 × 10⁻³¹ kg or 0.511 MeV in energy.

Electron microprobe analysis

Electron microprobe analysis, also called electron probe microanalysis, is an analytical technique that measures characteristic X-rays to determine element concentrations in solids at the micrometer scale.

Electron microscope

An electron microscope forms images with a beam of electrons instead of light, resolving detail far beyond optical microscopes; the first was built in 1931.

Oct 21, 2026

Electron Microscopy

Electron microscopy is a family of imaging techniques using electron beams instead of light to visualize fine structure, including TEM and SEM, pioneered by Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll in 1931.

Electron mobility

Electron mobility measures how quickly an electron drifts through a metal or semiconductor under an electric field; it is a common metric for judging the quality of transistor materials.

Electron neutrino

The electron neutrino (νe) is an electrically neutral elementary particle of the Standard Model, paired with the electron and produced in beta decay and solar fusion.

Electron nuclear double resonance spectroscopy

Electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) spectroscopy is a magnetic resonance technique that detects nuclear transitions through an EPR signal, measuring hyperfine interactions in radicals, metalloproteins, and semiconductor defects.

Electron paramagnetic resonance

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), also known as electron spin resonance (ESR), is a spectroscopic technique that probes unpaired electrons in free radicals, transition metal complexes, and defects; it was discovered in 1944.

Electron paramagnetic resonance imaging

Electron paramagnetic resonance imaging (EPRI, also called EPR imaging or EPROI) is a biomedical imaging method that maps paramagnetic probes in tissue to measure oxygen and redox status.

Electron paramagnetic resonance oximetry

Electron paramagnetic resonance oximetry, or EPR oximetry, is a spectroscopic method that measures oxygen partial pressure in tissue from broadening of an added spin probe's EPR spectrum.

Electron probe microanalysis

Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) is an analytical technique that focuses a beam of electrons on a specimen to determine which elements are present and in what amounts.

Electron ptychographic tomography

Electron ptychographic tomography is an electron microscopy method that combines ptychographic phase retrieval from 4D-STEM data with tomographic reconstruction, recovering 3D atomic structure at sub-angstrom precision in light elements.

Electron ptychography

Electron ptychography is an electron microscopy technique that reconstructs a specimen's structure and electric fields from 4D-STEM diffraction data, reaching deep-sub-ångström resolution with 10 to 100 times better dose efficiency.

Electron radiography

Electron radiography is an imaging technique that forms images by recording fast electrons transmitted or deflected by an object, including laser-plasma radiography of dense targets and plasma wakes.

Electron shell

An electron shell is a set of atomic orbitals sharing the same principal quantum number n, an energy level in an atom, first proposed in Niels Bohr's 1913 model.

Electron shuttling

Electron shuttling is the controlled transport of a single electron through quantum dots while preserving its spin, connecting spin qubits tens of micrometers apart in silicon quantum processors.

Electron spectroscopy

Electron spectroscopy is a family of analytical techniques that measures the kinetic energy, and often the angle and spin, of electrons ejected from matter to determine electronic structure and surface composition.

Electron spin

Electron spin is the electron's intrinsic angular momentum, a quantum property taking only two values along any axis, proposed by George Uhlenbeck and Samuel Goudsmit in 1925.

Electron spin echo

The electron spin echo is a microwave signal in which dephased electron spins refocus after two or more microwave pulses; it underlies nearly all pulsed EPR.

Electron spin resonance dating

Electron spin resonance (ESR) dating, also called electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) dating, measures radiation-induced defects in minerals to date fossils and sediments, especially tooth enamel, over the Quaternary.