All articles starting with E

Electron spin-echo envelope modulation

Electron spin-echo envelope modulation (ESEEM) is a pulsed EPR technique, reported in 1965, that measures hyperfine and quadrupole interactions between an electron spin and nuclei within roughly 0.8 nm.

Electron temperature gradient instability

The electron temperature gradient (ETG) instability is a drift-wave microinstability of magnetically confined fusion plasmas, driven by the electron temperature gradient and considered a main cause of anomalous electron heat transport in tokamak cores.

Electron tomography

Electron tomography is a microscopy method that reconstructs 3D volumes, called tomograms, of cells, organelles, and macromolecular assemblies from tilted image series recorded with a transmission electron microscope.

Electron transfer

Electron transfer, or ET, is a chemical event in which an electron moves from a donor to an acceptor, occurring by quantum tunnelling in photosynthesis and respiration.

Oct 21, 2026

Electron Transport

Electron transport (respiratory chain): the membrane process moving electrons from reduced substrates to oxygen (or other acceptors), pumping protons to power ATP synthase; central to respiration, photosynthesis, and early evolution.

Electron transport chain

Electron transport chain: membrane protein complexes (I–IV) plus ubiquinone and cytochrome c that pass electrons to oxygen, pump protons, and drive ATP synthesis via Mitchell's chemiosmotic theory.

Electron transport layer

An electron transport layer is an n-type semiconductor film in a solar cell that extracts photo-generated electrons to the electrode and blocks holes, used chiefly in perovskite solar cells.

Electron-activated dissociation

Electron-activated dissociation (EAD) is a tandem mass spectrometry fragmentation technique that uses a tunable electron beam to fragment ions, preserving labile modifications and revealing lipid structures that collision-induced dissociation often misses.

Electron-beam additive manufacturing

Electron-beam additive manufacturing (EBAM) is a metal 3D printing method that melts powder or wire with an electron beam under vacuum, used for aerospace and implants.

Electron-beam lithography

Electron-beam lithography, also called E-beam lithography, is a maskless nanofabrication technique that writes patterns with a focused electron beam, achieving sub-10 nm resolution; its low speed limits it to photomasks and research.

Electron-beam melting

Electron-beam melting (EBM), also called selective electron beam melting, is an additive manufacturing process that melts metal powder layer by layer in vacuum, used for orthopedic implants and aerospace turbine components.

Electron-beam single-atom manipulation

Electron-beam single-atom manipulation is the use of a focused electron beam in an aberration-corrected STEM to move individual atoms or atomic columns within a material.

Electron-beam sputter deposition

Electron-beam sputter deposition is a sparsely documented physical vapor deposition technique at the intersection of sputter deposition, which ejects target atoms with ions, and electron-beam evaporation.

Electron-beam technology

Electron-beam technology uses focused, accelerated beams of electrons as a controllable energy source, chiefly for welding metals, machining and drilling, 3D printing of metal parts, and nanoscale lithography.

Electron-beam wafer inspection

Electron-beam wafer inspection is a semiconductor metrology technique that scans a focused electron beam across a patterned wafer, imaging defects down to about 1 nm that optical tools miss.

Electron-beam welding

Electron-beam welding (EBW) is a fusion welding process in which a focused beam of high-velocity electrons melts metal inside a vacuum chamber, producing deep, narrow welds in a single pass.

Electron-beam-induced deposition

Electron-beam-induced deposition (EBID), also called focused electron beam induced deposition, is a nanofabrication technique where a focused electron beam dissociates gaseous precursors to write nanoscale solid deposits.

Electron-capture supernova

An electron-capture supernova is a stellar explosion in which collapse of an 8 to 10 solar mass star's core is triggered by electron captures, not an iron core.

Electron-impact excitation

Electron-impact excitation is the inelastic collision in which a free electron raises a bound electron of an atom, ion, or molecule to a higher energy level.

Electron-Ion Collider

The Electron-Ion Collider is a particle accelerator under construction at Brookhaven National Laboratory that will collide polarized electrons with protons and nuclei to map quarks and gluons.

Electron-multiplying CCD

An electron-multiplying CCD, or EMCCD, is a charge-coupled device image sensor whose on-chip gain register cuts effective read noise below one electron, enabling single-photon detection.

Electron-on-helium

Electron-on-helium is a proposed quantum-computing platform in which individual electrons float in vacuum above liquid helium and act as qubits, first proposed in 1999, with a 2023 fault-tolerant blueprint.

Electron-transfer dissociation

Electron-transfer dissociation (ETD) is a tandem mass spectrometry fragmentation method, reported in 2004, in which a reagent anion transfers an electron to a protonated peptide, preserving labile modifications.

Electron-transferring-flavoprotein dehydrogenase

Electron-transferring-flavoprotein dehydrogenase (ETFDH, ETF:QO) is a 64-kDa inner mitochondrial membrane enzyme with FAD and a 4Fe-4S cluster that oxidizes ETF and reduces coenzyme Q10; ETFDH mutations cause about 93% of multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency.