All articles starting with E
17,681 articles
Endocardium
Endocardium: the endothelial innermost lining of the heart, continuous with vessel intima, with a subendocardium holding Purkinje fibers; embryonically from cardiac crescent mesoderm, it forms valves, septa, and conduction tissue.
Endocervical curettage
Endocervical curettage is a gynecological diagnostic procedure that scrapes the endocervical canal for a tissue sample during colposcopy, detecting precancerous or cancerous disease the colposcope cannot see.
Endochondral ossification
Endochondral ossification, also called intercartilaginous ossification, is one of the two modes of bone formation, in which a cartilage template is progressively replaced by bone, forming most bones of the mammalian skeleton.
Endocochlear potential and cochlear homeostasis
Endocochlear potential (EP), the ~+80 mV positive potential of cochlear endolymph generated by the stria vascularis via Kir4.1 channels, drives hair-cell transduction; its maintenance through potassium recycling defines cochlear homeostasis.
Endocrine cell
Endocrine cell (endocrinocyte, CL:0000163): a secretory cell of a ductless gland that releases hormones directly into the blood. Subtypes include neuroendocrine, enteroendocrine, and the five pancreatic islet cell types.
Endocrine Diagnostic Techniques
Endocrine diagnostic techniques: biochemical assays, dynamic stimulation and suppression tests, imaging, and venous sampling used to diagnose hormone disorders such as PPGL, Cushing syndrome, and adrenal insufficiency.
Endocrine disease
Endocrine disease: disorders of the eight major hormone glands (thyroid, pituitary, adrenal, pancreas) causing hormone excess, deficiency, or resistance; classified primary, secondary, or tertiary.
Endocrine disruptor
Endocrine disruptors (EDCs) are exogenous chemicals, such as BPA, phthalates, PFAS, and pesticides, that interfere with hormone action and cause adverse health effects; regulated in the EU under CLP hazard classes since 2023.
Endocrine gland
Endocrine glands are ductless organs, including the pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, and pancreas, that secrete hormones directly into the blood; the hypothalamic-pituitary axis regulates them by feedback, unlike ducted exocrine glands.
Endocrine pathology
Endocrine Pathology: peer-reviewed quarterly journal (ISSN 1046-3976, 1559-0097) founded March 1990 by Kovacs and Asa, official journal of the Endocrine Pathology Society, published by Springer, 2025 impact factor 4.6, Q1.
Endocrine Surgical Procedures
Endocrine surgical procedures are operations on endocrine glands such as thyroidectomy, parathyroidectomy, and adrenalectomy; the field traces to Kocher and is now guided by ATA, AAES, and ESES standards.
Endocrine system
Endocrine system: the body's hormone-secreting glands (hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, pancreas, gonads) releasing over 50 hormones into blood to regulate growth, metabolism, reproduction, with feedback loops and neuroendocrine links.
Endocrine-cerebro-osteodysplasia syndrome
Endocrine-cerebro-osteodysplasia (ECO) syndrome, ORPHA:199332, OMIM 612651, is a rare autosomal recessive neonatal-lethal ciliopathy caused by ICK/CILK1 mutations (R272Q, G120C), with endocrine, cerebral, and skeletal anomalies.
Endocrinologists
Endocrinologists: physicians specializing in diagnosis and treatment of gland and hormone disorders, including diabetes, thyroid disease, obesity, and osteoporosis; trained via internal medicine residency plus endocrinology fellowship, facing workforce shortages in the US and Europe.
Endocrinology
Endocrinology: the medical and biological study of hormones and the endocrine system, also called hormone science. Covers glandular disorders (diabetes, thyroid, adrenal, pituitary, bone), its 1889–1905 founding, training pathways, and workforce access challenges.
Endocytoscopy
Endocytoscopy (EC) is an endoscopic imaging technique giving real-time microscopic views of living gastrointestinal mucosa by pressing an ultra-high-magnification contact endoscope against stained tissue, often described as an optical biopsy.
Endocytosis
Endocytosis: cellular uptake of macromolecules and membrane via vesicles. Also phagocytosis, pinocytosis, clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Pathways include CME (~120 nm vesicles), caveolae (~60 nm), CLIC/GEEC, macropinocytosis; coined by Metchnikoff (1883) and Lewis (1931).
Endodermal cell
Endodermal cell (endoderm cell, CL:0000223): a cell of the innermost embryonic germ layer. Definitive endoderm arises from the epiblast at gastrulation, forms the gut tube, and yields digestive and respiratory epithelia and organs like liver and pancreas.
Endodontics
Endodontics, from Greek endo (within) and odont (tooth), is the dental specialty of the dental pulp and root tissues, covering root canal treatment, vital pulp therapy, and endodontic surgery; ADA-recognized since 1967.
Endogamy
Endogamy (in-marriage) is the rule or custom of marrying within a defined group such as a caste, religion, ethnicity, or class; its converse is exogamy. It maintains group boundaries, resources, and solidarity, and shapes genetic variation.
EndoGastric Solutions
EndoGastric Solutions, formerly EsophyX, Inc., was a Redmond, Washington medical device company that developed the EsophyX device for incisionless treatment of acid reflux (GERD); Merit Medical acquired it in 2024.
Endogeneity (econometrics)
Endogeneity in econometrics is the condition in which an explanatory variable in a regression is correlated with the error term, producing biased and inconsistent estimates that make reliable inference virtually impossible.
Endogenex
Endogenex is a privately held, clinical-stage medical device company in Minneapolis, Minnesota, founded in partnership with Mayo Clinic to develop an endoscopic treatment for type 2 diabetes.
Endogenous cardiac stem cell
Endogenous cardiac stem cells (CSCs), heart-resident progenitors marked by c-Kit, Sca-1, Isl-1, once proposed for cardiomyocyte regeneration; lineage tracing showed negligible myogenic capacity, refuting the concept.
Endogenous growth theory
Endogenous growth theory, or new growth theory, is the branch of macroeconomics explaining long-run growth as the result of deliberate investment in innovation and research, developed by Paul Romer.
Endogenous retrovirus
An endogenous retrovirus (ERV) is a retroviral genome permanently integrated into a host species' germline DNA and inherited by offspring, making up about 8% of human DNA.
Endogonales
Endogonales: an order of early-diverging fungi in Mucoromycota, forming truffle-like zygospore sporocarps; families Endogonaceae and Densosporaceae; ectomycorrhizal, fine root endophyte, and liverwort symbionts of Silurian origin.
Endogone
Endogone, genus of Mucoromycota fungi (Endogonales, Endogonaceae) erected by Link 1809, type E. pisiformis; truffle-like zygospore sporocarps called pea truffles, ectomycorrhizal and plant-symbiotic, once a cross-phylum catch-all for AM fungi.
Endohedral fullerene
An endohedral fullerene is a fullerene molecule, a closed hollow cage of carbon atoms, with an atom, ion, or molecule trapped inside its cavity, first observed in 1985 shortly after the discovery of C₆₀ itself.
Endokomuna
Endokomuna, also Endo-Communism, is a Polish portmanteau of Endecja and komunia for a nationalist-communist tendency in the Polish United Workers' Party, strongest under Interior Minister Mieczysław Moczar.