All articles starting with E

Endologix

Endologix, formerly Cardiovascular Dynamics, is an Irvine, California medical device company making stent graft systems, including AFX and Ovation, for minimally invasive treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms.

Endoluminal vacuum therapy

Endoluminal vacuum therapy (EVT) is an endoscopic treatment in which an open-pore sponge applies continuous negative pressure to close gastrointestinal leaks and perforations, mainly anastomotic leaks after esophageal, gastric, or rectal surgery.

Endolymphatic Shunt

Endolymphatic shunt, also called endolymphatic sac decompression or mastoid shunt, is non-ablative ear surgery for Ménière's disease vertigo, first performed by Georges Portmann in 1926, with 75-95% reported vertigo control.

Endolysin

Endolysin, or murein hydrolase, is a peptidoglycan-degrading enzyme encoded by dsDNA bacteriophages that lyses the host cell wall to release progeny virions. The term was introduced by Jacob and Fuerst in 1957.

Oct 15, 2026

EndoMaster EASE

EndoMaster EASE, developed by EndoMaster of Singapore, is a flexible robotic endoscopic platform for endoscopic submucosal dissection of early gastrointestinal tumors, evolving from the MASTER robot that first performed robotic gastric ESD in humans in 2011.

Endomembrane system

Endomembrane system: the eukaryotic network of ER, Golgi apparatus, endosomes, lysosomes, vesicles, nuclear envelope, and plasma membrane that synthesizes, sorts, and transports proteins and lipids.

Endometrial ablation

Endometrial ablation is a gynecological procedure that destroys the uterine lining to treat heavy menstrual bleeding unresponsive to medication, offering a safe alternative to hysterectomy.

Endometrial biopsy

Endometrial biopsy is an office-based procedure that removes a small sample of the uterine lining for microscopic diagnosis, chiefly to evaluate abnormal bleeding and detect hyperplasia or cancer.

Endometrial cancer

Endometrial cancer is cancer of the endometrium, the uterine lining; the common form of uterine cancer. About 69,120 US cases projected in 2025; four TCGA molecular subtypes; surgery is the main treatment; no routine screening test.

Oct 20, 2026

Endometrial clear cell adenocarcinoma

Endometrial clear cell adenocarcinoma (endometrial clear cell carcinoma, ECCC) is a rare, aggressive endometrial cancer subtype, under 5% of cases, with papillary/tubulocystic/solid architecture, HNF-1β positivity, ER/PR negativity, and molecularly heterogeneous prognosis.

Oct 20, 2026

Endometrial endometrioid adenocarcinoma

Endometrial endometrioid adenocarcinoma, also called endometrioid cancer, is the most common endometrial cancer, arising in endometrial gland cells with a usually good prognosis; graded FIGO 1-3 and classified into POLEmut, MMRd, p53abn, or NSMP molecular subtypes.

Endometrial hyperplasia

Endometrial hyperplasia, also called benign or atypical hyperplasia (EIN/AEH), is overgrowth of the uterine lining from unopposed estrogen; atypical forms are precursors of endometrial cancer, treated with progestins or hysterectomy.

Endometrial mucinous adenocarcinoma

Endometrial mucinous adenocarcinoma (ICD-11 2C76.1): endometrial carcinoma rich in mucin-producing cells. Conventional type behaves like endometrioid carcinoma; rare gastric (gastrointestinal)-type EGMA, a WHO 2020 entity, is aggressive and high grade by definition.

Endometrial polyp

Endometrial polyp: localized overgrowth of uterine lining tissue, also called endometrial polyps. Usually asymptomatic; cause abnormal uterine bleeding or subfertility; about 3% malignant risk; diagnosed by ultrasound and hysteroscopy, treated by hysteroscopic polypectomy.

Endometrial sampling

Endometrial sampling is an office gynecological procedure that removes a small piece of the uterine lining, usually with a Pipelle suction device, to diagnose cancer, hyperplasia, and abnormal bleeding.

Oct 20, 2026

Endometrial serous adenocarcinoma

Endometrial serous adenocarcinoma (uterine serous carcinoma, ESC) is an aggressive type II endometrial cancer, 3–10% of cases, defined by TP53 mutation, p53-abnormal molecular class, deep myometrial invasion, and poor survival.

Endometrial small cell carcinoma

Endometrial small cell carcinoma (ICD-11 2C76.41) is a rare, aggressive neuroendocrine cancer of the uterine lining, about 0.8% of endometrial carcinomas, diagnosed by van Hoeven criteria and neuroendocrine markers, with poor prognosis.

Endometrial stromal sarcoma

Endometrial stromal sarcoma (ESS), low-grade and high-grade, is a rare malignant uterine stromal tumor, about 15–20% of uterine sarcomas, defined by JAZF1-SUZ12 or YWHAE-NUTM2A/B fusions, treated by hysterectomy plus hormonal therapy.

Endometrioid adenocarcinoma of ovary

Endometrioid adenocarcinoma of ovary (ovarian endometrioid carcinoma, ICD-11 2C73.01): an epithelial ovarian cancer resembling endometrial adenocarcinoma, about 10% of primary ovarian carcinomas, endometriosis-associated, low grade, favorable prognosis.

Endometrioma

Endometrioma, also called chocolate cyst, is an ovarian cyst of ectopic endometrial tissue occurring in 17–44% of women with endometriosis; surgery before IVF does not improve live birth but reduces ovarian reserve.

Endometriosis

Endometriosis: chronic inflammatory disease with endometrium-like tissue outside the uterus; affects ~10% (190 million) of reproductive-age women, causes pain and infertility, 4-12 year diagnostic delay, no cure.

Endometriosis Foundation of America

Endometriosis Foundation of America (EndoFound), New York nonprofit co-founded by Tamer Seckin and Padma Lakshmi; runs the ENPOWR school education program (47,000+ students since 2013), awards over $1 million in research grants, and hosts annual medical conferences and Patient Day.

Endometriosis of fallopian tube

Endometriosis of fallopian tube (tubal endometriosis), ICD-11 GA10.B3, is ectopic endometrial tissue in the fallopian tubes; found in up to 60% of moderate-to-severe endometriosis, diagnosed histologically after salpingectomy, presenting mainly with infertility and abdominal pain.

Endometriosis of intestine

Endometriosis of intestine, or bowel endometriosis, is deep endometriosis infiltrating the bowel wall, mostly the rectosigmoid. Treated with hormones or shaving, discoid excision, or segmental resection, balancing complications against recurrence.

Endometriosis of pelvic peritoneum

Endometriosis of pelvic peritoneum (ICD-11 GA10.C2), superficial peritoneal endometriosis: ectopic endometrial tissue within 5 mm of the pelvic peritoneal surface, the most common endometriosis subtype, diagnosed by laparoscopy.

Endometriosis of the bladder

Endometriosis of the bladder (bladder endometriosis, ICD-11 GA10.D0): endometrial glands and stroma in the bladder detrusor muscle; the most common urinary tract endometriosis site, 70-85% of cases, treated with hormones or partial cystectomy.

Endometriosis of the uterosacral ligaments

Endometriosis of the uterosacral ligaments (USL endometriosis), the most frequent site of deep infiltrating endometriosis; diagnosed by transvaginal ultrasound (sensitivity 65%, specificity 92%) and MRI, classified in Enzian compartment B.

Endometriosis Society of India

Endometriosis Society India (ESI), also called Endometriosis Society of India, a voluntary non-profit society founded 2003 in Kolkata by Dr B.N. Chakravarty and Pramathes Das Mahapatra; ~150 members, Endoinsight newsletter, five zones, chapters, and international conferences on endometriosis and adenomyosis.

Endometriosis-associated infertility

Endometriosis-associated infertility is the reduced ability to conceive caused by endometrium-like tissue outside the uterine cavity. Guidelines advise against routine surgery before IVF, which achieves live birth rates only slightly below those of other infertility causes.