All articles starting with E
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European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics
The European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL), founded in 1983, is Europe's main professional association for computational linguistics and runs the EACL research conference.
European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (ECRML, CETS 148), a 1992 Council of Europe treaty in force since 1998: 25 ratifying states, 79 languages covered, Part II/Part III tiered undertakings, expert monitoring, France unratified.
European Chemical Industry Council
The European Chemical Industry Council, known as Cefic, is the Brussels-based trade association representing large, medium, and small European chemical companies; founded in 1972, its members provide 1.2 million jobs.
European Chips Act
The European Chips Act, Regulation (EU) 2023/1781, is an EU regulation in force since September 2023 that mobilizes €43 billion to strengthen Europe's semiconductor ecosystem.
European Civil Aviation Conference
The European Civil Aviation Conference (CEAC; Conférence Européenne de l'Aviation Civile) is an intergovernmental organization of 44 European states harmonizing civil aviation policies, founded in Strasbourg in 1954.
European civil code
European civil code: proposed unified EU private-law codification, also pursued via the Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR) and the withdrawn Common European Sales Law; never enacted for lack of EU legislative competence.
European Climate Law
The European Climate Law is a binding EU regulation requiring net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 and at least a 55% reduction by 2030.
European Coal and Steel Community
The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was a six-nation treaty organization that pooled coal and steel production from 1952 until its treaty expired in 2002.
European Collectivity of Alsace
European Collectivity of Alsace (Collectivité européenne d'Alsace, CeA): French collectivity merging Bas-Rhin and Haut-Rhin departments since 1 January 2021, with lead cross-border cooperation powers, within Grand Est; exit bill pending.
European College of Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia
ECVAA (European College of Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia) is the EBVS-recognised body certifying veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia specialists in Europe. Founded 1993-1995 from the AVA, it runs 3-5 year residencies, Part A/B exams, and awards DipECVAA.
European colonisation of Southeast Asia
European colonisation of Southeast Asia: Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, British, French, and American rule from 1511 to 1975; Dutch in Indonesia, British in Malaya and Burma, French in Indochina, Siam independent.
European colonization of the Americas
European colonization of the Americas: the Spanish, Portuguese, English, French, and Dutch settlement of the Western Hemisphere from Columbus's 1492 voyages, covering encomienda, demographic collapse, and colonial models.
European Commission
The European Commission, the European Union's executive branch, proposes EU legislation under the right of initiative, enforces the treaties as their guardian, and manages the EU budget. Its College of 27 Commissioners, led by Ursula von der Leyen since December 2024, decides collectively.
European commissioner
A European commissioner is one of 27 members of the College of Commissioners, the EU executive's political leadership, each nominated by a member state, vetted in European Parliament hearings, and serving a five-year term under collegial decision-making.
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
The European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC), formed in 1973, prepares voluntary electrotechnical standards for 34 European countries as one of three recognized European Standardization Organizations.
European Common Radar System
The European Common Radar System (ECRS) is a family of electronically scanned radars developed by Leonardo for the Eurofighter Typhoon, in three marks including the UK's ECRS Mk2.
European Communist Action
European Communist Action (ECA), founded Athens 18 November 2023 on KKE initiative, is a cooperation of 12 European communist and workers' parties, successor to the European Communist Initiative; not an EU-registered European party, opposed to the EU, NATO, and participation in bourgeois governments.
European Communities
European Communities: collective name for the ECSC, EEC, and Euratom, three supranational organizations founded by six states (1951-1958), merged institutionally in 1967, and dissolved into the European Union by the 2009 Lisbon Treaty.
European Conference on Computer Vision
The European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV) is a biennial research conference in computer vision and machine learning, first held in Antibes, France, in 1990.
European Conference on Optical Communication
The European Conference on Optical Communication (ECOC) is Europe's largest annual conference on optical communications, first held in 1975 and held each year in a different European city.
European Conservatives and Reformists Party
European Conservatives and Reformists Party (ECR Party), formerly AECR/ACRE, a conservative soft-Eurosceptic eurorealist European party founded 1 October 2009, tied to the ECR Group in the European Parliament, led by Adam Bielan with Brothers of Italy and Law and Justice as main pillars.
European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
ECPT (ETS No. 126), a 1987 Council of Europe treaty in force since 1 February 1989, establishes the CPT, which makes periodic and ad hoc visits to all places of detention in its 46 member-state parties.
European Convention for the Protection of Animals for Slaughter
European Convention for the Protection of Animals for Slaughter (ETS No. 102), Council of Europe treaty signed in Strasbourg 10 May 1979, in force 11 June 1982, setting minimum standards for movement, lairaging, restraint, stunning and slaughter of farm animals.
European Convention for the Protection of Animals kept for Farming Purposes
European Convention for the Protection of Animals kept for Farming Purposes (ETS 87, Strasbourg, 10 March 1976): Council of Europe treaty setting minimum welfare standards for farmed animals, in force 10 September 1978, with an EU Standing Committee and 1992 amending protocol.
European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals used for Experimental and other Scientific Purposes
ETS 123, the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals used for Experimental and other Scientific Purposes, is a 1986 Council of Europe treaty, in force 1 January 1991, regulating care, procedures, and statistics for laboratory vertebrates.
European Convention on Extradition
The European Convention on Extradition is a Council of Europe treaty, opened for signature in 1957 and in force since 1960, setting common extradition rules between its parties.
European Convention on Human Rights
The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), the 1950 Rome treaty of the Council of Europe, enforces civil and political rights across Europe through the Strasbourg European Court of Human Rights, binding its 46 member states.
European Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters
European Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters (ETS No. 030), Strasbourg, 20 April 1959: Council of Europe treaty on cross-border judicial cooperation, letters rogatory, witness safe conduct; in force 1962, 50 states parties, three additional protocols.
European Convention on Transfrontier Television
The European Convention on Transfrontier Television is a 1989 Council of Europe treaty, in force since 1993, that sets minimum common rules for cross-border television programming and advertising.
European Council
The European Council is an EU institution of the 27 heads of state or government, its President (António Costa), and the Commission President; it sets EU political direction, does not pass laws, meets quarterly in Brussels, and decides by consensus.