All articles starting with E
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European Exchange Rate Mechanism
The European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) pegs non-euro EU currencies to the euro; ERM II, running since 1999, is the two-year test before euro adoption.
European exploration of Africa
European exploration of Africa, also called the Exploration of Africa, is the record of European voyages into the continent, from the Portuguese voyages of the 1400s onward.
European External Action Service
The European External Action Service (EEAS) is the EU's diplomatic service, created by the Lisbon Treaty and operational since 2011 in Brussels. It supports the High Representative (Kaja Kallas) in conducting CFSP and CSDP, runs about 145 EU delegations worldwide, and faces 2026 reform proposals from France, Germany, and the Commission.
European Figure Skating Championships
European Figure Skating Championships, ISU European Championships, annual figure skating competition for European ISU members since 1891 in men's, women's, pairs, and ice dance; 2026 held in Sheffield, won by Nika Egadze.
European Film Awards
European Film Awards: annual prizes for European cinema presented by the European Film Academy, founded after the first 1988 West Berlin ceremony; since 2026 held each January, 39th edition in Athens 2027.
European Financial Stability Facility
The European Financial Stability Facility was a temporary, guarantee-backed rescue fund for euro area states, created in 2010 during the sovereign debt crisis and replaced by the ESM in 2012.
European Fiscal Compact
The European Fiscal Compact, formally Title III of the TSCG treaty, is a 2012 agreement requiring EU states to run balanced budgets, binding 22 of the 25 signatories.
European Flood Awareness System
The European Flood Awareness System (EFAS) is a Copernicus flood forecasting system covering Europe, developed after the 2002 central European floods and operational since 2012.
European Food Safety Authority
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), EU agency founded 2002 under Regulation (EC) No 178/2002 providing independent risk assessment and scientific advice on food-chain risks, including pesticide peer review and MRLs, distinct from risk managers.
European Football Alliance
European Football Alliance (EFA): team-owned professional American football league in Europe, founded July 2025 by former ELF franchises; six teams played the 2026 season and Nordic Storm won the first Championship Game.
European Foundation for Plant Pathology
The European Foundation for Plant Pathology (EFPP) is a Dutch foundation seated in Wageningen, founded in 1990, that federates national plant pathology societies across Europe to promote scientific cooperation.
European Free Alliance
European Free Alliance (EFA): European political party, founded 1981, uniting nationalist, regionalist and pro-independence parties; sits with Greens in the Greens/EFA EP group; led by Lorena López de Lacalle since 2019.
European Free Trade Association
The European Free Trade Association (EFTA) is an intergovernmental trade organization of Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland, founded in 1960 to administer free trade without a customs union.
European Fusion Development Agreement
The European Fusion Development Agreement (EFDA) coordinated European fusion research from 1999 to 2013, governing the JET facilities and the ITER contribution before the EUROfusion consortium replaced it.
European Games
European Games: EOC-run continental multisport event held every four years before the Olympics since 2015; editions in Baku, Minsk, Kraków–Małopolska, Istanbul 2027; Olympic qualifier and sambo, 3x3 basketball host.
European Gas Pipeline Link (EUGAL)
European Gas Pipeline Link (EUGAL) is a German natural gas pipeline running from Lubmin on the Baltic Sea to the Czech border, commissioned in 2020.
European Golden Shoe
European Golden Shoe (Soulier d'Or, European Golden Boot): seasonal award for Europe's top league goalscorer, launched 1967-68 by L'Equipe, run by European Sports Media since 1996-97 on a coefficient-weighted points system; Messi holds the record with 6 wins, Ronaldo 4.
European goldfinch
European goldfinch (Carduelis carduelis), a colorful finch of Europe, North Africa, and western Asia; red face, yellow wing bars, thistle-seed diet; IUCN Least Concern, 101-155 million birds, declining in North Africa from cagebird trapping.
European Green Deal
The European Green Deal, also called the EU Green Deal, is the European Union's climate and growth strategy, launched in December 2019 to make the EU climate-neutral by 2050.
European Group on Tort Law
European Group on Tort Law (Tilburg Group): scholarly association founded 1992/1993 by Jaap Spier that drafted the Principles of European Tort Law (PETL), published 2005 with Springer, and is revising them with Vienna-based ECTIL.
European hare
European hare (Lepus europaeus, brown hare, common hare): large open-country lagomorph native to Europe and western Asia, introduced worldwide as game; 3-5 kg, runs to 60 kph, IUCN Least Concern.
European Health Insurance Card
The European Health Insurance Card (EHIC), issued free by national health insurers, lets holders obtain medically necessary state healthcare in the EU, Norway, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom.
European Heart Journal
European Heart Journal (EHJ), flagship peer-reviewed cardiology journal of the European Society of Cardiology, launched 1980, published by Oxford University Press; 2025 impact factor 43.5, ranked 2/237 in Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; publishes ESC Guidelines.
European hedgehog
European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus), West European or brown-breasted hedgehog: a small nocturnal spiny mammal native to western and central Europe, hibernating November to Easter, reassessed by IUCN in 2024 from Least Concern to Near Threatened after 16-33% population decline.
European herring gull
European herring gull (Larus argentatus), a large gray-backed, black-wing-tipped gull of northern and western Europe with subspecies argentatus and argenteus; declining coastal populations but expanding urban roof-nesting colonies that read human cues to find food.
European hornet
European hornet (Vespa crabro, giant hornet), a large social vespine wasp native to Europe and Asia, introduced to eastern North America around 1840; only Vespa species established there, night-active, sting like a honey bee's.
European Hydrogen Backbone
The European Hydrogen Backbone (EHB) is a proposed pan-European network of dedicated hydrogen pipelines planned by over thirty European transmission system operators, targeting about 40,000 km by 2040.
European ice hockey championships
IIHF Ice Hockey European Championship, the annual European national-team ice hockey title from 1910; stand-alone events until Berlin 1932, then a title for the top European team at the World Championship until 1991.
European immigration to Argentina
The mass arrival of European immigrants, above all Italians and Spaniards, that transformed Argentina's demography and economy between roughly 1870 and 1930, peaking in 1914 when 30% of residents were foreign-born.
European Individual Chess Championship
The European Individual Chess Championship is an open Swiss-system tournament organized by the European Chess Union. The 2026 edition was held in Katowice, Poland, and was won by IM Roman Dehtiarov.