All articles starting with F
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Fluoroantimonic acid
Fluoroantimonic acid, also known as hydrogen fluoroantimonate, is a family of mixtures of hydrogen fluoride and antimony pentafluoride, the strongest known liquid superacid, strong enough to protonate hydrocarbons and stored in Teflon rather than glass.
Fluorobenzene
Fluorobenzene, also called phenyl fluoride or monofluorobenzene, is the simplest aryl fluoride, a colorless, highly flammable liquid (C₆H₅F) made by the Balz–Schiemann reaction and used as an intermediate for pharmaceuticals and pesticides.
Fluorobenzoic acids
The fluorobenzoic acids are the three ring-fluorinated isomers of benzoic acid, C6H4FCO2H, with fluorine at the 2-, 3-, or 4-position, used as intermediates in pharmaceuticals, PET radiolabeling, and polymers.
Fluorocarbon
Fluorocarbons, also called perfluorocarbons or fluorinated hydrocarbons, are organofluorine compounds made of only carbon and fluorine, invented as refrigerants in the 1930s and known for their chemical inertness.
Fluorodifen
Fluorodifen (Preforan, Soyex; CAS 15457-05-3) is an obsolete diphenyl ether herbicide first reported in 1968 by Ciba-Geigy, a PPO inhibitor used pre- and post-emergence in soybeans, cotton, rice, and peanuts; not approved in the EU or UK.
Fluorodopa
Fluorodopa (6-[18F]fluoro-L-DOPA, also written 18F-FDOPA) is a fluorine-18 radiolabeled analog of L-DOPA, FDA approved in 2019 as a PET tracer for suspected Parkinsonian syndromes and also used to image neuroendocrine tumors.
Fluoroethylene carbonate
Fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) is a fluorinated cyclic carbonate used overwhelmingly as an electrolyte additive in lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries, forming a protective SEI film on the anode.
Fluorogenic probe
A fluorogenic probe is a small molecule that is dark until a specific chemical reaction turns it fluorescent, giving bright signal with little background for live-cell imaging.
Fluorogenic tetrazine probes
Fluorogenic tetrazine probes are bioorthogonal labeling reagents in which a tetrazine quenches an attached fluorophore until it reacts with a dienophile, restoring fluorescence for no-wash live-cell and in vivo imaging.
Fluoroglycofen
Fluoroglycofen, used as fluoroglycofen-ethyl, is a diphenyl ether PPO-inhibiting post-emergence herbicide for cereals, rice, and soyabeans; not approved in the EU under Regulation 1107/2009.
Fluoroimmunoassay
A fluoroimmunoassay (FIA) is an immunoassay method that uses a fluorescent label instead of a radioactive one to detect and quantify antigens or antibodies in biological samples.
Fluorometer
A fluorometer, also spelled fluorimeter, is an instrument that measures the intensity and wavelength distribution of fluorescence from excited molecules, in forms from benchtop filter devices to sensors deployed in rivers and groundwater.
Fluorometholone
Fluorometholone (FML, Flarex) is a synthetic topical glucocorticoid, C22H29FO4, first approved 1972, used as 0.1% eye drops for steroid-responsive ocular inflammation, with lower intraocular pressure-raising risk than dexamethasone or prednisolone.
Fluorophenol
Fluorophenols are phenols bearing one or more fluorine atoms directly on the aromatic ring, used chiefly as intermediates in pharmaceutical, agrochemical, and liquid-crystal manufacture; 4-fluorophenol builds drugs like cisapride.
Fluorophore
Fluorophore: a molecular entity, often organic, that emits fluorescence after absorbing light at a shorter excitation wavelength. Families include organic dyes (FITC, Alexa Fluor), fluorescent proteins (GFP), and quantum dots; used in microscopy, flow cytometry, and FRET.
Fluoroquinolone resistant Campylobacter
Fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter: C. jejuni and C. coli strains resistant to ciprofloxacin, arising via gyrA point mutations, spread from poultry to humans, now at 70–85% in EU surveillance.
Fluoroquinolone resistant Escherichia coli
Fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli: E. coli strains resistant to ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin via gyrA/parC mutations, AcrAB-TolC efflux, and plasmid-mediated qnr genes; about 39% resistant in US hospitals in 2024.
Fluoroquinolone resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae
Fluoroquinolone resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae: strains of the nosocomial pathogen resistant to ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin via gyrA/parC QRDR mutations, efflux, and qnr plasmid-mediated resistance; resistance rose from 12.9% to 35.6% (1991–2005).
Fluoroquinolone resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Fluoroquinolone resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae (QRNG): gonococcal strains resistant to ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin via gyrA and parC mutations; CDC ended fluoroquinolone gonorrhea treatment in 2007.
Fluoroquinolone resistant Salmonella
Fluoroquinolone resistant Salmonella: Salmonella strains resistant to ciprofloxacin-class antibiotics, driven by gyrA/parC QRDR mutations, efflux pumps, and plasmid-mediated qnr genes; WHO high-priority pathogen since 2017, ICD-11 MG50.90.
Fluoroquinolone resistant Shigella
Fluoroquinolone resistant Shigella: ciprofloxacin-resistant Shigella strains driven by gyrA/parC QRDR mutations and qnr plasmid genes; WHO high-priority pathogen, rising from 0.6% to 29% in Asia and Africa, now part of XDR shigellosis clusters.
Fluoroquinolone resistant Vibrio
Fluoroquinolone resistant Vibrio (ICD-11 MG50.B0) denotes Vibrio strains resistant to fluoroquinolones such as ciprofloxacin, driven by gyrA/parC QRDR mutations, efflux, and PMQR genes; prevalence varies by species, from near zero in O1/O139 V. cholerae environmental isolates to high quinolone resistance in Asian clinical cholera surveillance.
Fluoroscopy
Fluoroscopy, or fluoroscopic imaging, is a medical imaging technique that shows a continuous real-time X-ray image on a monitor, like an X-ray movie, used to diagnose conditions and guide procedures such as catheter placement.
Fluorosulfonylation
Fluorosulfonylation is the introduction of the fluorosulfonyl group (–SO₂F) into an organic molecule, forming sulfonyl fluorides that serve as connective hubs of SuFEx click chemistry.
Fluorotelomer carboxylic acids
Fluorotelomer carboxylic acids (FTCAs) are polyfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids with a perfluorinated tail and hydrogen-bearing head, formed mainly as intermediates in the environmental breakdown of fluorotelomer alcohols.
Fluorouracil
Fluorouracil (5-FU, 5-fluorouracil) is a fluorinated uracil antimetabolite chemotherapy drug discovered in 1957 by Charles Heidelberger, FDA-approved in 1962, and still the cornerstone of colorectal cancer treatment via thymidylate synthase inhibition.
Fluorous phase
The fluorous phase is the fluorocarbon-rich phase of a two-liquid system, mostly perfluorinated alkanes and ethers, underlying fluorous biphasic catalysis, introduced by Horváth and Rábai in 1994.
Fluoxapiprolin
Fluoxapiprolin (CAS 1360819-11-9), a Bayer piperidinyl thiazole isoxazoline OSBPI fungicide (FRAC 49) for oomycete diseases such as late blight and downy mildew; sold as Xivana; not EU-approved, registered in Canada, US, New Zealand.
Fluoxastrobin
Fluoxastrobin (HEC 5725; trade names Evito, Disarm) is a strobilurin QoI fungicide, CAS 361377-29-9, first registered in the US in 2005 by Bayer CropScience, controlling blights, leaf spots, and rusts on vegetables, peanuts, and turf.
Fluoxetine
Fluoxetine (Prozac) is the first marketed SSRI antidepressant, developed by Eli Lilly (Fuller, Wong, Molloy), FDA-approved December 1987 for depression, OCD, bulimia, and panic disorder, patent expired 2001.