All articles starting with F
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Fluoride
Fluoride, the monatomic anion of fluorine (F⁻), also names fluoride compounds; it occurs in fluorite and groundwater and prevents tooth decay in toothpaste and water.
Fluoride fiber
A fluoride fiber is an optical fiber made of heavy metal fluoride glass, most commonly ZBLAN, rather than silica; it transmits light into the mid-infrared and hosts rare-earth-doped fiber lasers and amplifiers.
Fluoride glass
Fluoride glass is an amorphous optical material in which fluorine replaces oxygen as the network former; first made accidentally in 1974, its ZBLAN form hosts mid-infrared fiber lasers.
Fluoride therapy
Fluoride therapy is the use of fluoride compounds, delivered as varnishes, gels, mouthrinses, and silver diamine fluoride, to prevent dental caries and strengthen tooth enamel.
Fluoride toxicity
Fluoride toxicity, also known as fluoride poisoning, is the harm caused by excessive fluoride, chiefly from drinking water, leading to dental fluorosis, skeletal disease, and reduced childhood IQ.
Fluoride Treatment
Fluoride treatment: professional or home application of fluoride varnish, gel, foam, mouthrinse, or toothpaste to prevent dental caries; reduces caries about 26-33% in children, varnish safest professional form.
Fluoride varnish
Fluoride varnish is a resin-based topical fluoride preparation, typically 5% sodium fluoride, painted onto teeth to prevent and slow dental caries; it is the only professional topical fluoride agent recommended for children younger than 6.
Fluoride volatility process
The fluoride volatility process is a dry, non-aqueous pyrochemical method for reprocessing spent nuclear fuel, developed from the 1950s, in which uranium and some plutonium leave as volatile hexafluorides while fission products stay solid.
Fluoride-ion battery
A fluoride-ion battery (FIB) is a rechargeable battery in which fluoride anions, rather than metal cations, carry charge, first made rechargeable at Karlsruhe in 2011.
Fluoride-specific ion channel FluC
Fluoride-specific ion channel FluC (Fluc) is a membrane protein family, originally called crcB genes, that passively exports fluoride from cells in bacteria, fungi, and plants.
Fluorinated amino acids
Fluorinated amino acids are amino acids in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by fluorine or fluorinated groups such as CF3, altering acidity and hydrophobicity.
Fluorinated aryl ethers
Fluorinated aryl ethers are aryl ethers bearing fluorine or perfluoroalkyl groups like OCF3, used in drugs such as riluzole and in pesticides, first synthesized by Yagupol'skii in 1955.
Fluorinated dicarboxylic acids
Fluorinated dicarboxylic acids are dicarboxylic acids carrying fluorine atoms or groups such as CF3, exemplified by tetrafluorosuccinic and difluoromaleic acids, used in polymers and metal–organic frameworks.
Fluorinated ether electrolyte
A fluorinated ether electrolyte is a battery electrolyte in which ether solvents carry carbon-bound fluorine, weakening lithium coordination and raising oxidation stability for lithium-metal, sodium-ion, and high-voltage cells.
Fluorinated ethylene propylene
Fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) is a melt-processable copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene, introduced in 1960 as a thermoplastic alternative to PTFE and used for wire insulation, tubing, and labware.
Fluorinated silicate glass
Fluorinated silicate glass (FSG), or fluorosilicate glass, is silicon dioxide doped with fluorine to lower its dielectric constant, used as an intermetal dielectric in semiconductor manufacturing.
Fluorine
Fluorine is a chemical element with symbol F and atomic number 9, a dangerously reactive pale yellow-green gas first isolated by Henri Moissan in 1886.
Fluorine deficiency
Fluorine deficiency (fluoride deficiency), ICD-11 5B5K.4: low fluoride in plaque and enamel raising dental caries risk and possibly weakening bones; classified as a deficiency though EFSA says fluoride is not an essential nutrient.
Fluorine excess
Fluorine excess (ICD-11 5B91.3) is chronic excessive fluoride intake causing dental and skeletal fluorosis, mainly from high-fluoride groundwater, fluoride-rich coal, or tea; WHO water guideline is 1.5 mg/L.
Fluorine-18
Fluorine-18 is a radioactive isotope of fluorine with a roughly 110-minute half-life that decays by positron emission, making it the most frequently used radioisotope in PET imaging, best known for the tracer FDG.
Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose PET
Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose PET, or FDG PET, is a nuclear medicine scan that maps glucose metabolism using a radiolabeled glucose analog, widely used to detect, stage, and monitor cancer.
Fluorine-18 radiochemistry
Fluorine-18 radiochemistry is the branch of radiochemistry that produces the positron-emitting isotope fluorine-18 and bonds it into molecules for PET imaging, chiefly by nucleophilic fluoride substitution; its flagship tracer is FDG.
Fluorine-19 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Fluorine-19 MRI (19F MRI) detects administered fluorinated agents such as perfluorocarbon cell labels against a zero-fluorine background, enabling quantitative, background-free tracking of therapeutic and immune cells in vivo.
Fluorine-doped tin oxide
Fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) is a transparent conducting oxide of tin dioxide doped with fluorine, first made in the 1940s and now widely used in low-emissivity window glass and solar cells.
Fluorine-free electrolyte
A fluorine-free electrolyte is a battery electrolyte in which no component contains fluorine, investigated to replace commercial LiPF6-based electrolytes over safety, environmental, and regulatory concerns.
Fluorine-substituted disordered rock-salt cathode
A fluorine-substituted disordered rock-salt cathode is a lithium-ion battery cathode material in which a fraction of the oxygen anions is replaced by fluorine, reducing oxygen loss during cycling.
Fluorite
Fluorite, also called fluorspar, is a soft, glassy mineral form of calcium fluoride (CaF₂) that comes in many colors, most often purple, green, and yellow.
Fluorite structure
The fluorite structure is a cubic crystal structure named after the mineral fluorite (CaF₂), where cations form a face-centered cubic lattice and anions fill tetrahedral sites.
Fluoroacetamide
Fluoroacetamide (Compound 1081, CAS 640-19-7) is a highly toxic fluorinated amide formerly used as a rodenticide and systemic insecticide; banned in the EU, US, and under the Rotterdam Convention PIC procedure.
Fluoroalkylation
Fluoroalkylation is an organic reaction that transfers a fluoroalkyl group, such as trifluoromethyl, to a substrate, and its products matter because fluoroalkyl groups appear in 30 to 40% of FDA-approved drugs.