All articles starting with G
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Glutathione synthetase deficiency
Glutathione synthetase deficiency, also called 5-oxoprolinuria or pyroglutamic aciduria, is a rare autosomal recessive GSS-gene metabolic disorder causing low glutathione, hemolytic anemia, metabolic acidosis, and neurological damage, treated with bicarbonate and vitamins C and E.
Glutazumab (格鲁塔珠单抗)
Glutazumab (格鲁塔珠单抗, GMA102/GMA105) is Gmax Biopharm's long-acting GLP-1/anti-GLP-1R antibody fusion protein agonist, in phase III in China for type 2 diabetes and in earlier trials for obesity.
Gluteal muscles
The gluteal muscles, or glutei, are a group of four muscles in the buttock that act on the hip joint to extend, abduct, and stabilize the thigh.
Glutelin
Glutelin, or glutelin-type storage protein, is the dilute acid/alkali-soluble seed storage protein class of the Osborne classification; in rice it is the major protein (60-80%), encoded by 15 GluA-GluD genes, processed from a 57 kDa precursor into acidic and basic subunits.
Gluten
Gluten: wheat storage proteins, gliadin and glutenin, forming the viscoelastic dough network; also hordeins and secalins of barley and rye; 70–80% of wheat grain protein; triggers celiac disease; gluten-free labeled at 20 ppm or less.
Gluten-free diet
Gluten-free diet: exclusion of gluten proteins from wheat, rye, barley, and crossbreeds. Essential lifelong treatment for celiac disease (about 1% of people) and wheat allergy; FDA limits gluten-free labels to under 20 ppm gluten; no proven benefit for the general population.
GLUTEN-GEN study
GLUTEN-GEN (NL-OMON53370) is a Dutch LUMC/ZonMw health services study adding finger-prick HLA-DQ2/8 typing from dried blood spots to celiac case finding at Youth Health Care Centres in Kennemerland, following GLUTENSCREEN; enrollment 508, recruitment stopped.
Gluten-related disorders
Gluten-related disorders: celiac disease, non-celiac gluten (wheat) sensitivity, and wheat allergy, conditions triggered by gluten in wheat, rye, and barley; celiac disease affects about 1% of people and requires a lifelong gluten-free diet.
Glutethimide
Glutethimide (Doriden, 2-ethyl-2-phenylglutarimide) is a discontinued 1954 piperidinedione sedative-hypnotic once marketed as a safer barbiturate alternative; withdrawn for barbiturate-like addiction, toxic overdose via metabolite 4-HG, and codeine misuse; now US Schedule II.
Gluteus maximus
Gluteus maximus: the largest gluteal muscle, a quadrangular hip extensor innervated by the inferior gluteal nerve (L5-S2). About 60% larger in humans than apes; central to bipedal running and sitting control.
Glutinous rice
Glutinous rice (waxy or sticky rice, 糯稻) is Oryza sativa with nearly all-amylopectin starch from a wx allele mutation that arose once in Southeast Asia; it is the staple of Laos and northern and northeastern Thailand.
Gluttony
Gluttony (Latin gula, from gluttire, to gulp down) is the inordinate indulgence in food and drink, one of the seven deadly sins, opposed by temperance; Aquinas listed five modes (too soon, expensively, much, eagerly, daintily), and modern clinical analogues include binge eating disorder.
Glycan metabolic labeling
Glycan metabolic labeling, also known as metabolic glycoengineering, is a chemical biology technique in which cells feed on synthetic monosaccharide analogs that install bioorthogonal reporters onto glycans.
Glycated hemoglobin
Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c, glycohemoglobin) is hemoglobin with glucose bound to the β-chain N-terminal valine, reflecting average blood glucose over 8–12 weeks; used to diagnose diabetes (≥6.5%) and set treatment goals (<7%), reported in NGSP % and IFCC mmol/mol units.
Glycemic Control
Glycemic control, management of blood glucose in diabetes toward individualized targets, assessed by A1C and CGM metrics such as time in range (>70%), time below range (<4%), and A1C below 7% for many nonpregnant adults.
Glycemic index
Glycemic index (GI): 1–100 ranking of carbohydrate foods by blood glucose response to 50 g available carbohydrate versus glucose, introduced by Jenkins 1981, standardized in ISO 26642:2010; low ≤55, high ≥70; GL = GI × carbohydrate/100.
Glycera (annelid)
Glycera Lamarck, 1818, bloodworms or glycerine worms, a genus of marine polychaete annelids in Glyceridae with four cross-arranged jaws on an eversible venomous proboscis; predatory burrowers in muddy sediments, sold as bait, with jaw biomaterials studied for copper-melanin abrasion resistance.
Glycera dibranchiata
Glycera dibranchiata, the American bloodworm, is a venomous marine polychaete (Glyceridae) up to 14 inches long with copper-hardened jaws, harvested as bait, native from Gulf of St. Lawrence to Florida and introduced to Spain.
Glyceraldehyde
Glyceraldehyde, also called glyceral, is the simplest aldose, a sweet, colorless three-carbon sugar of formula C3H6O3 that acts as an intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism and sets the D/L convention for sugars.
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP, G3P, 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde), a three-carbon sugar phosphate (C3H7O6P) central to glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, the Calvin cycle, and the pentose phosphate pathway; oxidized by GAPDH to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate.
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 3
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 3 (GAPDH 3, TDH3/GPD3/YGR192C) is one of three 332-amino-acid Saccharomyces cerevisiae GAPDH isoenzymes catalyzing G3P to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate with NAD+ in glycolysis.
Glycerate kinase
Glycerate kinase (EC 2.7.1.31, GLYK/GLYCTK) is a kinase phosphorylating D-glycerate with ATP to 3-phosphoglycerate in plants (photorespiration) or 2-phosphoglycerate in bacteria and animals; three unrelated protein classes exist.
Glycerius
Emperor Glycerius ruled the Western Roman Empire from 473 to 474. Placed on the throne at Ravenna by Gundobad, he was deposed by Julius Nepos and made bishop of Salona.
Glycerol
Glycerol, also called glycerin or propane-1,2,3-triol, is a colorless, sweet-tasting, viscous alcohol that forms the backbone of fats and oils, used widely in foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.
Glycerol 3-phosphate
Glycerol 3-phosphate is a phosphorylated metabolite formed from dihydroxyacetone phosphate or glycerol that starts glycerolipid synthesis and shuttles reducing equivalents into mitochondria via the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle.
Glycerol carbonate
Glycerol carbonate, also called glycerine carbonate, is a cyclic carbonate ester of glycerol made from biodiesel's glycerol byproduct and used as a green solvent, electrolyte component, and chemical intermediate.
Glycerol dehydrogenase
Glycerol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.6, GldA/DhaD) is a zinc-dependent, NAD+-dependent oxidoreductase converting glycerol to dihydroxyacetone; distinct from glycerol dehydratase, it initiates oxidative glycerol metabolism and serves DHA production, cofactor regeneration, and triglyceride assays.
Glycerol electrooxidation
Glycerol electrooxidation, usually written GEOR or GOR, is the electrocatalytic oxidation of glycerol at an electrode into value-added chemicals such as lactic acid and formate.
Glycerol kinase
Glycerol kinase (EC 2.7.1.30, GK gene, Xp21.3) is an enzyme phosphorylating glycerol to glycerol 3-phosphate using ATP and magnesium; its X-linked deficiency causes hyperglycerolemia, glyceroluria, and pseudohypertriglyceridemia.
Glycerol oxidation
Glycerol oxidation is the family of chemical, electrochemical, and biological reactions that turn cheap byproduct glycerol from biodiesel into higher-value products such as glyceraldehyde, dihydroxyacetone, and glyceric acid.