All articles starting with G

Glycerol phenylbutyrate

Glycerol phenylbutyrate (Ravicti, HPN-100) is a triglyceride prodrug nitrogen-binding agent for chronic management of urea cycle disorders; FDA approved 2013, EU 2015, noninferior to sodium phenylbutyrate.

Glycerol production

Glycerol production is the set of industrial processes that make glycerol, now overwhelmingly recovered from biodiesel and fat and oil processing rather than synthesized from propene.

Glycerol reforming

Glycerol reforming is the catalytic conversion of glycerol, the main by-product of biodiesel manufacture, into hydrogen-rich gas, studied as a renewable hydrogen route since the 2000s.

Glycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase

Glycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase (GPAT, EC 2.3.1.15) catalyzes the first, rate-limiting step of triacylglycerol and glycerophospholipid synthesis, making lysophosphatidic acid from glycerol-3-phosphate and acyl-CoA; mammals have four isoforms, GPAT1-2 mitochondrial and GPAT3-4 ER.

Glycerol-3-phosphate transporter

Glycerol-3-phosphate transporter (GlpT, glpT gene, UniProt P08194): E. coli inner-membrane MFS antiporter importing glycerol-3-phosphate in exchange for inorganic phosphate; 452 amino acids, 12-helix rocker-switch structure (PDB 1PW4), also imports fosfomycin, and glpT mutations cause fosfomycin resistance.

Glycerolysis

Glycerolysis is the esterification reaction in which free fatty acids react with glycerol to form monoacylglycerols, diacylglycerols, and triacylglycerols, used to make emulsifiers and to lower the free fatty acid content of oils before biodiesel production.

Glycerophosphocholine

Glycerophosphocholine (GPC), also called alpha-GPC or, as a drug and supplement, choline alfoscerate, is a water-soluble breakdown product of phosphatidylcholine that serves as a choline donor and kidney osmolyte.

Glycerophospholipid cholesterol acyltransferase

Glycerophospholipid cholesterol acyltransferase (GCAT, EC 2.3.1.43) is a bacterial Aeromonas enzyme, an LCAT analogue, that transfers acyl groups from phospholipids to cholesterol; a Bacillus licheniformis-produced variant is a GRAS food processing aid (GRN 265, FoodPro LysoMaxa Oil) used for emulsification in egg yolk, meat, dairy, and oil degumming.

Glyceryl monostearate

Glyceryl monostearate, also known as monostearin or glycerol monostearate (GMS), is the glycerol ester of stearic acid, a waxy solid used as an emulsifier in foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.

Glycidol

Glycidol, also known as 2,3-epoxy-1-propanol, is a colorless, slightly viscous epoxide alcohol used industrially as a chemical intermediate, reactive diluent, and sterilant, and classified as probably carcinogenic to humans.

Glycidyl methacrylate

Glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) is a colorless liquid monomer carrying both a polymerizable methacrylate group and a reactive epoxide, produced at high volume for epoxy resins and dental sealants.

Glycine

Glycine (Gly, G), NH2CH2COOH, the simplest amino acid, first isolated by Braconnot in 1820. Non-essential; builds collagen, glutathione, purines, creatine, heme; inhibitory neurotransmitter and NMDA co-agonist; found in meteorites including Bennu.

Glycine cleavage system

The glycine cleavage system, or glycine decarboxylase complex, is a mitochondrial enzyme system that breaks down glycine into carbon dioxide, ammonia, and one-carbon units, and defects in it cause nonketotic hyperglycinemia.

Oct 20, 2026

Glycine encephalopathy

Glycine encephalopathy, or nonketotic hyperglycinemia (NKH), is an autosomal recessive inborn error of glycine metabolism caused by glycine cleavage system defects (GLDC, AMT), causing neonatal lethargy, hypotonia, apnea, and seizures; treated with sodium benzoate and supportive care.

Oct 20, 2026

Glycine reductase complex selenoprotein A

Glycine reductase complex selenoprotein A (glycine reductase A, GRDA) is the selenocysteine-containing component A of the clostridial glycine reductase complex from Clostridium sticklandii, the first protein shown to contain selenium as selenocysteine, encoded by UGA.

Glycine rich protein

Glycine-rich proteins (GRPs), also called glycine-rich RNA-binding proteins (GR-RBPs) in class IV, are plant proteins with 20–70% glycine in (Gly)n-X repeats, classified into five classes, acting in cell wall structure, RNA processing, and cold, salt, and pathogen stress responses.

Glycine tabacina

Glycine tabacina (Variable Glycine), a perennial Fabaceae herb and wild soybean relative native from southern China and East Asia to Australia and the western Pacific; diploid B2B2 genome, 2n=40, with an allotetraploid complex and multiple polyploid origins.

Glycine transporter

Glycine transporters GlyT1 (SLC6A9) and GlyT2 (SLC6A5) are SLC6 Na+/Cl−-dependent reuptake proteins regulating inhibitory glycinergic transmission and NMDA receptor co-activation; drug targets in schizophrenia, hyperekplexia, and pain.

Glycine-tRNA ligase, beta subunit

Beta subunit of bacterial α2β2 glycyl-tRNA synthetase: ~65 kDa chain carrying tRNA recognition elements, encoded with the 303-codon alpha chain on one E. coli mRNA, evolutionarily derived from alanyl-tRNA synthetase.

Glycoamylase-like, conserved domain

Glycoamylase-like conserved domain: the GH15 glucoamylase catalytic domain, an inverting (α/α)6-barrel exo-hydrolase (EC 3.2.1.3) releasing β-glucose from starch, with Glu acid/base catalysis and an O-glycosylated linker to a starch-binding domain.

Glycobiology

Glycobiology: the study of glycan (complex carbohydrate) structure, biosynthesis, and function; term coined 1988; dedicated journal Glycobiology (OUP) since 1990; central challenge is linking glycan structure to function.

Glycocalyx

The glycocalyx, also known as the cell coat or pericellular matrix, is a carbohydrate-rich layer coating the outer surface of most cells, named in 1963 by H. Stanley Bennett.

Glycocholic Acid

Glycocholic acid, also called cholylglycine, is a conjugated bile acid in which cholic acid is linked to glycine; in mammalian bile it solubilizes fats for absorption.

GlycoEra

GlycoEra AG is a Swiss biotechnology company, founded in 2021 as a spin-out of LimmaTech Biologics, developing extracellular protein degraders for autoimmune diseases; its lead program, GE8820, targets IgG4 autoantibodies.

Glycogen

Glycogen, also called animal starch, is the branched α-glucose polymer storing carbohydrate in animals, fungi, and bacteria, mainly in liver and skeletal muscle, with α(1→4) chains and α(1→6) branches every 8–12 residues; defects cause glycogen storage diseases.

Glycogen debranching enzyme

Glycogen debranching enzyme (GDE, AGL gene product; amylo-1,6-glucosidase, 4-α-glucanotransferase) is a bifunctional enzyme that removes glycogen branch points during glycogenolysis; its deficiency causes glycogen storage disease type III (Cori/Forbes disease).

Glycogen metabolism

Glycogen metabolism: synthesis (glycogenesis) and breakdown (glycogenolysis) of glycogen, the branched glucose polymer stored mainly in liver and muscle, regulated by insulin and glucagon and linked to glycogen storage diseases.

Glycogen storage disease due to aldolase A deficiency

Glycogen storage disease due to aldolase A deficiency (GSD type XII, GSD12, OMIM 611881) is an ultra-rare autosomal recessive ALDOA disorder causing hemolytic anemia, fever-triggered rhabdomyolysis, and learning disabilities, with no specific treatment.

Oct 20, 2026

Glycogen storage disease due to glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency

Glycogen storage disease due to glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency (GSD I, von Gierke disease): autosomal recessive disorder of G6PC or SLC37A4 causing fasting hypoglycemia, hepatomegaly, treated with cornstarch and glucose regimens.