All articles starting with G
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GPipe
GPipe is a pipeline parallelism library introduced by Google researchers in 2018 for training deep neural networks too large to fit on a single accelerator.
GPM Core Observatory
The GPM Core Observatory is a joint NASA and JAXA satellite launched in 2014 that measures rain and falling snow and calibrates partner precipitation satellites.
GPMI
GPMI (通用多媒体接口), formally the General Purpose Multimedia Interface, is a Chinese wired audio-video standard announced in April 2025 as an alternative to HDMI and DisplayPort.
GPNMB
GPNMB (glycoprotein nonmetastatic melanoma protein B; osteoactivin, DC-HIL, HGFIN) is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein at 7p15.3, overexpressed in TNBC and melanoma, targeted by glembatumumab vedotin.
GPO telephones
GPO telephones were the instruments supplied and rented by the British General Post Office, which controlled the UK's telephone network until British Telecom took over in 1981.
GPON
GPON, also written G-PON, is a Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Network, the ITU-T G.984 standard that shares one fiber between a central office and many subscribers and has dominated fiber-to-the-home since the mid-2000s.
GPOPS-II
GPOPS-II is a MATLAB software package for solving nonlinear optimal control problems, using LGR collocation and the NLP solver IPOPT, documented by Patterson and Rao in 2014.
GPQA
GPQA is a benchmark of graduate-level, Google-proof multiple-choice science questions written by PhD experts, published in 2023; its Diamond subset became the standard measure of frontier scientific reasoning.
GPR domain
The GPR domain, short for gamma-glutamyl phosphate reductase, is a conserved protein domain in aldehyde dehydrogenase families 18 and 19 that catalyzes the second step of proline biosynthesis.
GpR2 study
GpR2 (Gastroparesis Registry 2, NCT01696747) was an NIDDK Gastroparesis Clinical Research Consortium observational cohort of 506 adults with diabetic, idiopathic, or post-Nissen gastroparesis, enrolled 2012-2018 with biospecimen banking and data now in the NIDDK Central Repository.
GPR55
GPR55 (LPIR1), a human GPCR at 2q37 cloned in 1999, is activated by lysophosphatidylinositol, couples to Gα13/RhoA, and was proposed but not accepted as the third cannabinoid receptor CB3.
GPRS
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is a packet-switched data service built on the GSM 2G mobile standard, often described as 2.5G, first launched commercially in 2000.
GPS Block IIA
GPS Block IIA was the second operational generation of GPS satellites, with 19 launched from 1990 to 1997; the last served until 2019, over three times its 7.5-year design life.
GPS Block IIF
GPS Block IIF is a generation of twelve Global Positioning System satellites built by Boeing and launched from 2010 to 2016, first to broadcast the L5 civil signal.
GPS Block III
GPS Block III is the third generation of GPS satellites built by Lockheed Martin for the US Space Force, offering greater accuracy and jam-resistant M-code signals.
GPS Block IIR
GPS Block IIR is a generation of GPS navigation satellites built by Lockheed Martin for the United States Air Force, launched between 1997 and 2004 to replenish the constellation.
GPS Renewables
GPS Renewables Private Limited is an Indian bioenergy company founded in 2012 in Bengaluru by Mainak Chakraborty and Sreekrishna Sankar, building compressed biogas plants across India.
GPS satellite blocks
GPS satellite blocks are the successive generations of US Global Positioning System satellites, from the experimental Block I of 1978 to GPS III and GPS III Follow-On.
GPS signals
GPS signals are the radio transmissions from Global Positioning System satellites, each combining a carrier wave, pseudorandom ranging codes, and a navigation message used to determine position, velocity, and time.
GPS spoofing detection
GPS spoofing detection is the set of techniques a GNSS receiver uses to decide whether satellite signals are counterfeit transmissions dragging position or time to false values.
GPS time
GPS time is the continuous time scale of the United States Global Positioning System, counted in weeks from January 6, 1980 and kept within a microsecond of the US Naval Observatory's UTC.
GPS tracking unit
A GPS tracking unit, also called a GPS tracker, is a device that determines its own location via satellite and transmits it over cellular or satellite links.
GPS week number rollover
The GPS week number rollover is the periodic reset of GPS's 10-bit week counter to zero every 19.7 years, which can make receivers report dates decades wrong.
GPS-disciplined oscillator
A GPS-disciplined oscillator (GPSDO) is a frequency standard that combines the long-term accuracy of GPS timing signals with the short-term stability of a local quartz or atomic oscillator.
GpsOne
GpsOne is a Qualcomm hybrid position location technology, announced in 1999, that combines GPS satellite and CDMA cellular measurements to locate mobile phones, becoming one of the most widely deployed assisted-GPS systems of the 2000s.
GPT (language model)
GPT (generative pre-trained transformer) is a family of large language models developed by OpenAI, beginning with GPT-1 in 2018 and continuing through GPT-3, GPT-4, and newer multimodal successors.
GPT Image
GPT Image is a family of image generation and editing models developed by OpenAI, launched in 2025 as autoregressive image generation native to GPT-4o, replacing DALL·E.
GPT Store
The GPT Store is OpenAI's marketplace where paid ChatGPT users find and share custom versions of ChatGPT, called GPTs, announced in November 2023 and launched in January 2024.
GPT-2
GPT-2 (Generative Pre-trained Transformer 2) is a large language model OpenAI released in 2019, trained to predict the next word on 40 GB of web text.
GPT-2 staged release
The GPT-2 staged release was OpenAI's 2019 decision to withhold its full 1.5-billion-parameter language model for nine months over misuse concerns, releasing progressively larger versions until November 2019.