All articles starting with I

Immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy

Immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy (IMNM, necrotizing autoimmune myositis) is a rare autoimmune myopathy with severe proximal weakness, very high creatine kinase, and anti-HMGCR or anti-SRP antibodies; treated with steroids, IVIG, and rituximab.

Immune-mediated scleritis

Immune-mediated scleritis (ORPHA:648681, ICD-10 H15.0) is a rare, severe scleral inflammation linked to systemic autoimmune disease, most often rheumatoid arthritis or granulomatosis with polyangiitis, typically granulomatous or necrotizing and treated with NSAIDs, corticosteroids, and immunosuppressives.

Immune-Onc Therapeutics

Immune-Onc Therapeutics is a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company founded in 2016 in Palo Alto, California, developing monoclonal antibodies against LILRB-family and LAIR1 receptors for blood cancers.

ImmuneOnco (宜明昂科)

ImmuneOnco (宜明昂科) is a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company in Pudong, Shanghai, developing SIRPα-Fc fusion proteins and CD47-based antibodies for cancer, listed in Hong Kong in 2023.

Immunic, Inc.

Immunic, Inc., formerly Immunic AG, is a clinical-stage biotechnology company headquartered in New York City, founded in Germany in 2016, developing oral therapies for multiple sclerosis and autoimmune diseases.

Immunity

Immunity: protection against disease via the immune system's innate arm (rapid, first-response myeloid cells, barriers, complement) and adaptive arm (antigen-specific B and T cells with memory); public-health sense covers active versus passive immunity from infection or vaccination.

Immunity from prosecution (international law)

Immunity from prosecution in international law shields state officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction: personal immunity for heads of state and foreign ministers while in office, functional immunity for official acts, with contested exceptions for international crimes under ILC draft Article 7.

Immunity of international organizations

Immunity of international organizations shields intergovernmental organizations and their officials from national court process under treaty-based, functionally grounded rules distinct from State immunity; key instruments include the 1946 and 1947 UN privileges conventions, with Waite-Kennedy and Jam v IFC limits.

Immunization

Immunization is the process of making a person resistant to disease, typically by vaccine, and is among the safest public health measures, averting an estimated 4.4 million deaths yearly.

Oct 20, 2026

Immunization Programs

Immunization programs, or national EPI programs, deliver routine and campaign vaccines worldwide. WHO launched EPI in 1974; 2025 DTP3 coverage 85%, 13.5 million zero-dose children.

Immunoadsorption

Immunoadsorption is an extracorporeal apheresis technique that selectively removes immunoglobulins and immune complexes from plasma, sparing albumin and coagulation factors, and is used in autoantibody-mediated neurological, cardiac, and kidney diseases and transplant desensitization.

Immunoaffinity chromatography

Immunoaffinity chromatography (IAC) is a liquid chromatography method in which immobilized antibodies selectively capture and purify a target biomolecule from a complex mixture, first reported in 1963.

Immunoassay

Immunoassay: antibody-based biochemical test quantifying analytes like hormones, drugs, and viruses in blood. Developed as radioimmunoassay by Yalow and Berson (Nobel 1977); formats include RIA, ELISA, and sandwich chemiluminescent assays; limitations include hook effect and antibody interference.

Immunochemotherapy

Immunochemotherapy, also called neoadjuvant immunochemotherapy, combines immune checkpoint inhibitors with cytotoxic chemotherapy to shrink tumors before surgery; since 2022 it has become standard care in several tumor types.

Immunochromatography

Immunochromatography is a rapid assay in which a sample migrates along a chromatographic strip by capillary action, generating a visible signal; it underlies home pregnancy tests and point-of-care diagnostics.

Immunocytochemistry

Immunocytochemistry (ICC), often called immunofluorescence when the label is a fluorophore, is a microscopy method using antibodies to detect and localize proteins within fixed cultured cells.

Immunodeficiency

Immunodeficiency: reduced or absent immune response, divided into primary (inborn errors of immunity, over 400 types) and secondary forms (HIV/AIDS, malnutrition, drugs, splenectomy); treated with immunoglobulin replacement, transplants, gene therapy.

Immunodeficiency by defective expression of MHC class I

Immunodeficiency by defective expression of MHC class I, also called bare lymphocyte syndrome type I, is a rare inherited immunodeficiency causing chronic respiratory infections and bronchiectasis.

Oct 20, 2026

Immunodeficiency by defective expression of MHC class II

Immunodeficiency by defective expression of MHC class II, or bare lymphocyte syndrome type 2, a rare autosomal recessive combined immunodeficiency from CIITA, RFXANK, RFX5, or RFXAP mutations, causing absent HLA class II expression, severe infant infections, and cure only by transplant.

Immunodeficiency due to a late component of complement deficiency

Late component complement deficiency (C5-C9, terminal pathway) is an autosomal recessive primary immunodeficiency causing recurrent Neisseria meningitidis meningitis and sepsis; diagnosed by low CH50/AH50, managed with meningococcal vaccination and antibiotics.

Immunodeficiency due to selective anti-polysaccharide antibody deficiency

Immunodeficiency due to selective anti-polysaccharide antibody deficiency (SPAD), also called specific antibody deficiency (SAD): a primary immunodeficiency with normal immunoglobulin levels but impaired antibody responses to bacterial polysaccharide capsules, causing recurrent sinopulmonary infections.

Immunodeficiency with factor I anomaly

Immunodeficiency with factor I anomaly, or complement factor I deficiency (CFI gene, autosomal recessive), is a rare primary immunodeficiency causing uncontrolled complement activation, low C3, recurrent severe infections, and renal or autoimmune disease.

Immunodiffusion

Immunodiffusion is a laboratory technique in which antigens and antibodies diffuse through agar gel and form a visible precipitin line, used in fungal serodiagnosis and influenza vaccine potency testing.

Immunoelectron microscopy

Immunoelectron microscopy (IEM) combines antibody-based labeling with electron microscopy to localize specific antigens at ultrastructural resolution in cells and tissues, typically using colloidal gold particles as electron-dense probes.

Immunoelectrophoresis

Immunoelectrophoresis (IEP) is a laboratory method, introduced by Grabar and Williams in 1953, that separates proteins by electrophoresis and identifies them with antibodies as stained precipitin arcs.

Immunofixation electrophoresis

Immunofixation electrophoresis (IFE) is a clinical lab technique that identifies and types monoclonal immunoglobulins in serum, urine, or CSF, the IMWG gold standard for confirming monoclonal proteins.

Immunofluorescence

Immunofluorescence (IF), or fluorescent antibody technique, detects antigens in cells and tissue using fluorophore-labelled antibodies, pioneered by Coons in 1941; used clinically as direct IF for autoimmune skin disease and as multiplex IF in spatial biology.

Immunofluorescence staining

Immunofluorescence staining is a microscopy method that uses fluorescently labeled antibodies to detect and localize specific antigens in cells or tissue sections, first demonstrated by Coons and colleagues in 1942.

Immunoglobulin A

Immunoglobulin A (IgA), secretory IgA, sIgA: the antibody isotype dominating mucosal immunity, produced in mammals in greater amounts than all other isotypes, dimeric with J chain and secretory component, transported by pIgR, and induced by mucosal rather than injected vaccines.