All articles starting with L
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LIPC
LIPC (lipase C, hepatic type; also HL, HTGL, HDLCQ12) is the human chromosome 15 gene encoding hepatic lipase, a liver enzyme that converts VLDL/IDL to LDL, remodels HDL, and whose mutations cause hepatic lipase deficiency and link to macular degeneration.
LIPE-related familial partial lipodystrophy
LIPE-related familial partial lipodystrophy (FPLD6, OMIM 615980) is a rare autosomal recessive lipodystrophy caused by LIPE mutations encoding hormone-sensitive lipase, causing distal lipoatrophy, visceral fat gain, myopathy, and vitiligo.
Lipedema
Lipedema (lipoedema), first described by Allen and Hines in 1940, is a painful, symmetric, disproportionate fat accumulation in the extremities of women, distinct from obesity and lymphedema, treated with compression and liposuction.
Lipegfilgrastim
Lipegfilgrastim (Lonquex) is a long-acting pegylated filgrastim (G-CSF) from Teva, EMA-approved 25 July 2013, given as one 6 mg subcutaneous dose per chemotherapy cycle to reduce neutropenia and febrile neutropenia in patients aged 2 years and older.
Lipetsk
Lipetsk (Липецк), Russian city and capital of Lipetsk Oblast, founded 1703 as Peter the Great's ironworks settlement, city status 1779, resort town in 1805, now home to NLMK's Novolipetsk Steel plant producing 12.4 million tonnes of steel a year.
Lipetsk Oblast
Lipetsk Oblast (Липецкая область), a Central Federal District region of Russia established 6 January 1954 with capital Lipetsk; metallurgy (NLMK) and agriculture dominate its economy, with the Lipetsk special economic zone.
LipI32
LipL32 (Hap1) is the 32-kDa major outer membrane lipoprotein of pathogenic Leptospira, its most abundant protein (over 38,000 copies per cell), highly conserved, immunogenic, a debated vaccine candidate, and largely subsurface rather than surface exposed.
Lipica, Sežana
Lipica, in the Municipality of Sežana, Slovenia, is the 1580 Habsburg stud farm where the Lipizzan horse breed originated; oldest European single-breed stud, a 1996 cultural monument, and part of the 2022 UNESCO intangible heritage inscription.
Lipid
Lipid: hydrophobic or amphipathic biological molecules (fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, sphingolipids, sterols) soluble in organic solvents; eight LIPID MAPS categories; roles in energy storage, membranes, signaling; analyzed by lipidomics.
Lipid 5
Lipid 5 is a biodegradable, ester-containing ionizable lipid that carries mRNA in lipid nanoparticles for liver delivery, from the lineage that produced the SM-102 and ALC-0315 vaccine lipids.
Lipid A
Lipid A is the glycolipid moiety of lipopolysaccharide in Gram-negative bacteria, responsible for endotoxic activity by binding the TLR4/MD-2 receptor and triggering innate immune signaling.
Lipid A biosynthesis palmitoleoyltransferase, LpxP
Lipid A biosynthesis palmitoleoyltransferase (LpxP) is a cold-shock-induced E. coli enzyme that transfers a palmitoleoyl group onto lipid A instead of laurate, keeping the outer membrane permeability barrier intact at low growth temperatures.
Lipid Accumulation Product
Lipid Accumulation Product (LAP), an index by Kahn (2005), estimates lipid overaccumulation as (waist circumference − 65 or 58 cm) × triglycerides; used to screen metabolic syndrome and predict mortality in diabetes.
Lipid bilayer
Lipid bilayer: the ~5 nm double layer of amphipathic phospholipids forming all biological membranes; basis of the fluid mosaic model, lipid rafts, and liposome drug delivery.
Lipid bilayer phase behavior
Lipid bilayer phase behavior: the gel-to-liquid crystalline main transition of membrane lipid bilayers, its transition temperature Tm, effects of chain length, saturation, cholesterol, and archaeal ether lipids.
Lipid emulsion therapy
Lipid emulsion therapy is the intravenous administration of a concentrated fat emulsion, usually soybean oil, to reverse local anesthetic systemic toxicity and other lipophilic drug poisoning.
Lipid extraction
Lipid extraction is a sample-preparation method that transfers lipids from biological or environmental samples into an organic solvent, classically the 1957 Folch chloroform-methanol method, with variants like Bligh-Dyer and MTBE.
Lipid metabolism
Lipid metabolism: the pathways that oxidize fatty acids (β-oxidation, ketogenesis) and synthesize lipids (lipogenesis). Key figures: 4 ATP equivalents per β-oxidation round, net ~106 ATP per palmitate, ketones 0.05–20 mmol/L depending on state.
Lipid nanocapsules
Lipid nanocapsules are biomimetic drug-delivery nanoparticles, 20 to 100 nm in diameter, with a liquid oily core of medium-chain triglycerides and a shell of PEGylated nonionic surfactant and lecithin, made by a solvent-free phase inversion process.
Lipid nanoparticle
A lipid nanoparticle (LNP) is a nanoscale vehicle that ferries RNA such as mRNA or siRNA into cells, the delivery system behind mRNA COVID-19 vaccines and the first approved siRNA drug.
Lipid nanoparticle CRISPR delivery
Lipid nanoparticle CRISPR delivery uses lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) to carry CRISPR gene-editing components into cells, the most clinically advanced nonviral platform, with phase 3 liver trials.
Lipid nanoparticle organ tropism
Lipid nanoparticle organ tropism is the tendency of lipid nanoparticles to deliver nucleic acid cargo preferentially to one organ, usually the liver, depending on lipid composition.
Lipid nanoparticle siRNA delivery
Lipid nanoparticle siRNA delivery encapsulates small interfering RNA in nanoscale lipid particles that carry it into cells, and produced the first FDA-approved siRNA drug, patisiran, in 2018.
Lipid nanoparticle-mediated base editor delivery
Lipid nanoparticle-mediated base editor delivery is a non-viral method that uses lipid particles to deliver base-editing mRNA and guide RNA into cells, mainly in the liver.
Lipid peroxidation
Lipid peroxidation is the free-radical chain oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids into hydroperoxides and reactive aldehydes such as MDA and 4-HNE, driving rancidity in foods and ferroptosis in cells.
Lipid profile
Lipid profile (lipid panel): blood test measuring total cholesterol, HDL-C, and triglycerides, with calculated LDL-C and non-HDL-C, used for ASCVD risk screening; non-fasting sampling is now standard, with Martin/Hopkins or Sampson equations preferred over Friedewald.
Lipid raft
A lipid raft, also called a membrane raft, is a small, cholesterol- and sphingolipid-rich region of a cell's plasma membrane that stays more ordered than the surrounding membrane.
Lipid–calcium–phosphate nanoparticles
Lipid–calcium–phosphate (LCP) nanoparticles are core–shell drug delivery particles with a calcium phosphate core wrapped in a lipid shell, developed in Leaf Huang's laboratory as an improvement on the earlier LPD formulation.
Lipid–polymer hybrid nanoparticles
Lipid–polymer hybrid nanoparticles (LPHNPs, also called LPNs or PLNs) are core–shell drug-delivery nanostructures, typically 50–200 nm, that pair a biodegradable polymer core with a lipid or lipid–PEG shell.
Lipidomics
Lipidomics is the analysis of lipid composition, structure, and changes in biological samples such as cells, tissues, or body fluids, most often by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.