All articles starting with L
25,375 articles
Lipika
Lipika (লিপিকা) is a 1922 collection of short prose pieces by Rabindranath Tagore, where he experimented with prose poetry in Bengali through prose poems, allegories, and sketches.
Lipika Goyal
Lipika Goyal is an American medical oncologist who directs the Gastrointestinal Oncology program at the Stanford Cancer Institute, known for leading the 2023 futibatinib trial in bile duct cancer.
Lipinski's rule of five
Lipinski's rule of five (Ro5) is a medicinal chemistry guideline for oral drug-likeness: MW ≤500 Da, clogP <5, ≤5 H-bond donors, ≤10 acceptors, from Lipinski et al. 1997; extended by Veber and Ghose rules and challenged by beyond-Ro5 drugs.
Lipit-Enlil
Lipit-Enlil of Isin was the eighth king of the First Dynasty of Isin, a son of Būr-Sîn who ruled for five years, c. 1873-1869 BC.
Lipit-Ishtar
Lipit-Ishtar, also known as Lipit-Eštar, was the fifth king of the First Dynasty of Isin, reigning about 1934 to 1924 BC and best known for his Sumerian law code.
Lipizzan
Lipizzan (Lipizzaner, Lipicanec): Habsburg horse breed founded 1580 at Lipica from Spanish horses and Karst mares; gray coat via STX17, six classical stallion lines, Spanish Riding School mount, bred at eleven European state studs.
Lipka Tatars
Lipka Tatars, also called Lithuanian-Polish Tatars, are a Slavic-speaking Sunni Muslim minority in Lithuania, Belarus, and Poland, descended from Golden Horde settlers invited by Grand Duke Vytautas from 1397, serving as cavalry since Grunwald 1410 while keeping Islam but losing their Turkic language.
Lipkin Gorman v Karpnale Ltd
Lipkin Gorman v Karpnale Ltd [1991] 2 AC 548, House of Lords case establishing unjust enrichment at common law and first recognising the change of position defence, where solicitors recovered stolen money gambled at a casino.
Lipkin–Meshkov–Glick model
The Lipkin–Meshkov–Glick model is an exactly solvable many-body model with all-to-all spin interactions, introduced in 1965 and now a standard test bed for quantum phase transitions and quantum simulation.
Lipman Bers
Lipman Bers (1914–1993) was a Latvian-born American mathematician who worked on Riemann surfaces, Teichmüller theory, and Kleinian groups, and presided over the American Mathematical Society in 1975–76.
Lipoabdominoplasty
Lipoabdominoplasty is a body-contouring operation combining liposuction with abdominoplasty, introduced by Saldanha in 2001; selective undermining preserves blood and lymphatic vessels, giving fewer complications than conventional abdominoplasty.
Lipoatrophy or lipodystrophy
Lipoatrophy or lipodystrophy is a term for rare disorders in which the body loses, or fails to develop, adipose tissue, leading to insulin resistance and diabetes.
Lipoblastoma
Lipoblastoma, also called lipoblastomatosis in its diffuse form, is a rare benign pediatric soft tissue tumor of fetal fat with PLAG1 (8q11-q13) rearrangements, treated by complete excision with about 17% pooled recurrence.
Lipocalin
Lipocalins are small extracellular beta-barrel proteins binding hydrophobic ligands, found in all kingdoms except Archaea; 19 human members include RBP4 and NGAL, an acute kidney injury biomarker.
Lipocalin-2
Lipocalin-2, also known as neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), is a protein of innate immunity and one of the earliest biomarkers of acute kidney injury, rising within 2–4 hours.
Lipodermatosclerosis
Lipodermatosclerosis, also called sclerosing panniculitis or hypodermitis sclerodermaformis, is a chronic inflammatory leg condition with subcutaneous fibrosis and skin hardening caused by venous insufficiency, featuring acute cellulitis-like and chronic inverted champagne bottle phases.
Lipodystrophy
Lipodystrophy: rare disorders of selective body-fat loss, genetic (CGL, FPLD; AGPAT2, BSCL2, LMNA genes) or acquired (AGL, APL, HIV-related), causing insulin resistance, diabetes, hypertriglyceridemia; treated with diet, metreleptin, statins.
Lipogenesis
Lipogenesis (de novo lipogenesis, DNL): synthesis of fatty acids from acetyl-CoA and their esterification to triglycerides, mainly in liver and adipose tissue; stimulated by carbohydrate and insulin, inhibited by fasting, PUFA, leptin, and growth hormone.
Lipoic acid
Lipoic acid, also called alpha-lipoic acid or thioctic acid, is an eight-carbon organosulfur fatty acid, isolated in 1951, that works as a mitochondrial cofactor and antioxidant supplement.
Lipoic acid biosynthesis
Lipoic acid biosynthesis is the enzymatic pathway that builds the lipoyl cofactor on its target enzymes, using octanoate from fatty acid synthesis and inserting sulfur via the radical SAM enzyme LipA.
Lipoid pneumonitis
Lipoid pneumonitis (lipoid pneumonia): rare lung inflammation from lipid buildup in alveoli; exogenous form from aspirated or inhaled oils (mineral oil, vaping products), endogenous (cholesterol) form from airway obstruction; diagnosed by fat attenuation on CT.
Lipoid proteinosis
Lipoid proteinosis (Urbach-Wiethe disease, hyalinosis cutis et mucosae) is a rare autosomal recessive genodermatosis from ECM1 mutations, causing hoarse cry from infancy, beaded eyelid papules, waxy scarring skin, and amygdala calcifications.
Lipolysis
Lipolysis is the enzymatic breakdown of stored triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol, driven by ATGL, HSL, and MGL and regulated by catecholamines, insulin, and natriuretic peptides.
Lipoma
Lipoma: a common benign tumor of mature fat cells forming a soft, movable subcutaneous lump, usually in adults 40-60; painless and rarely treated, distinguished from liposarcoma by slow growth.
Lipophagy
Lipophagy is the selective autophagic degradation of lipid droplets in lysosomes, discovered in 2009; it fuels mitochondrial β-oxidation, is regulated by AMPK–mTORC1–TFEB, and its dysfunction contributes to fatty liver disease, atherosclerosis, and cancer.
Lipophilicity
Lipophilicity, also known as lipid solubility or fat solubility, is the affinity of a molecule for a fat-like environment, measured by the octanol/water partition coefficient log P.
Lipopolysaccharide
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin) is the glycolipid of the Gram-negative bacterial outer membrane, built from lipid A, core oligosaccharide, and O antigen; lipid A activates innate immunity via the TLR4–MD-2 complex and can trigger septic shock.
Lipopolysaccharide core heptose(I) kinase RfaP
WaaP, also called RfaP (EC 2.7.1.235), is a bacterial kinase that phosphorylates heptose I of the LPS inner core in E. coli, Salmonella, and Pseudomonas, stabilizing the outer membrane; essential in P. aeruginosa and an antimicrobial drug target.
Lipopolysaccharide core heptose(II) kinase
WaaY (waaY, rfaY, b3625) is the E. coli lipopolysaccharide core heptose(II) kinase, an ATP-dependent inner-core kinase that phosphorylates HepII after WaaP and WaaQ, affecting LL-37 susceptibility.
Lipoprotein
Lipoprotein: spherical lipid–protein particle (chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, LDL, HDL, Lp(a)) with hydrophobic core and amphipathic apolipoprotein surface that transports cholesterol and triglycerides in blood; density classes, LDL receptor uptake, reverse cholesterol transport, and 2025–2026 guideline targets.