All articles starting with M
36,687 articles
Multiparameter optimization
Multiparameter optimization (MPO) is a scoring method in chemistry and drug discovery that balances several molecular properties at once, best known through the CNS MPO desirability algorithm developed at Pfizer.
Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging
Multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) combines several MRI sequences, typically T2-weighted anatomy with diffusion-weighted and dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging, and is the standard for diagnosing clinically significant prostate cancer.
Multiparametric ultrasound
Multiparametric ultrasound (MPUS) is an imaging approach that combines several ultrasound parameters, including tissue stiffness, attenuation, backscatter, and speed of sound, to characterize tissue for diagnosis.
Multipartite and segmented virus genomes
Multipartite and segmented virus genomes: both divide viral genetic information into multiple segments; segmented viruses package all segments in one virion (influenza A), multipartite viruses package each segment separately (~17% of species), requiring complementation and showing genome formulas and multicellular functioning.
Multipartite entanglement
Multipartite entanglement is entanglement distributed across three or more parties, falling into inequivalent classes such as GHZ and W states, whose numbers grow explosively with the number of parties.
Multipath mitigation
Multipath mitigation is the set of antenna, correlator, estimator, and machine learning techniques that reduce GNSS positioning errors from signals reflecting off nearby surfaces, often the dominant error source in urban areas.
Multipath propagation
Multipath propagation occurs when a radio signal reaches a receiver along several reflected paths, causing fading, ghosting in television, and limits on mobile and microwave systems.
Multipath routing
Multipath routing is a networking method that forwards traffic between a source and destination over several paths at once, improving throughput, reliability, and load balancing; variants include ECMP and Multipath TCP.
Multipath TCP
Multipath TCP (MPTCP) is an extension of TCP that lets a single connection use multiple network paths at once, specified in RFC 8684 and used by Apple's Siri.
Multiphase buck converter
A multiphase buck converter is a DC-DC converter with staggered parallel buck stages, used in voltage regulator modules to power microprocessors at high current and low voltage.
Multiphase optimization strategy
The multiphase optimization strategy (MOST) is a framework introduced by Linda M. Collins and colleagues in 2005 for building and optimizing multicomponent behavioral and biomedical interventions.
Multiphasic Screening
Multiphasic screening combines multiple laboratory tests in one examination session to detect several diseases at once, usually in groups of people. First named in San Jose, California, 1949; automated by Kaiser Permanente; controlled trials show no mortality benefit.
Multiphoton absorption
Multiphoton absorption is the simultaneous absorption of several photons to excite an atom or molecule; its rate scales with the Nth power of light intensity, requiring lasers.
Multiphoton ionization
Multiphoton ionization (MPI) is a photoionization process in which an atom or molecule absorbs several photons, often simultaneously, leaving the electron in a free state.
Multiphoton lithography
Multiphoton lithography, also called two-photon polymerization or multiphoton absorption polymerization, is a laser technique that polymerizes a photoresist point by point, building free-form 3D structures with features below the diffraction limit.
Multiphysics simulation
Multiphysics simulation is the numerical computation of problems in which multiple physical fields, such as fluid flow, heat transfer, and structural deformation, interact and are solved together as a coupled system.
Multiplan
Microsoft Multiplan was a spreadsheet application introduced in 1982 as Microsoft's first end-user program; it competed with VisiCalc and Lotus 1-2-3 before Excel replaced it.
Multiplanar reconstruction
Multiplanar reconstruction (MPR), also called multiplanar reformation, is a medical imaging post-processing method that resamples CT or MRI scans into new axial, coronal, sagittal, or oblique 2D images.
Multiplayer online battle arena
A multiplayer online battle arena (MOBA), also called action real-time strategy, is a video game genre where each player controls a single hero and teams compete to destroy the enemy base.
Multiplayer video game
Multiplayer video game: games where multiple people play together or against each other, competitively or cooperatively, online or co-located. From Spacewar! (1962) to rollback netcode, toxicity research, and ESA play statistics.
Multiple (switchboard)
The multiple is the repetition of every subscriber's line in parallel jacks at every third position of a manual telephone switchboard, letting each operator reach every line.
Multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency
Multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MADD, glutaric aciduria type II) is an autosomal recessive fatty acid and amino acid oxidation disorder caused by ETFA, ETFB, or ETFDH variants, presenting neonatally or as riboflavin-responsive myopathy.
Multiple and combined glycosylation defects
Multiple and combined glycosylation defects are rare congenital disorders of glycosylation in which one genetic fault, often in Golgi transport or ion pumps, disrupts multiple glycosylation pathways simultaneously.
Multiple baseline design
The multiple baseline design is a single-case experimental design in which an intervention is introduced sequentially across participants, behaviors, or settings, demonstrating causation without withdrawing treatment.
Multiple benign circumferential skin creases on limbs
Multiple benign circumferential skin creases on limbs, or circumferential skin creases Kunze type (Michelin tire baby syndrome), a rare genetic disorder from TUBB or MAPRE2 mutations causing ringed limb skin creases with intellectual disability, cleft palate, and dysmorphism.
Multiple birth
Multiple birth: delivery of two or more infants from one pregnancy. Twins are monozygotic (one egg splits, 3–4 per 1,000 births) or dizygotic (two eggs, runs in families). US twin rate rose 76% from 1980, peaked 2014, declined to 30.1 per 1,000 by 2024.
Multiple breath washout
Multiple breath washout (MBW) is a pulmonary function test that washes a tracer gas from the lungs during tidal breathing; its lung clearance index detects early obstructive lung disease even when spirometry is normal.
Multiple chiral doublets
Multiple chiral doublets (MχD) are sets of two or more pairs of nearly degenerate rotational bands in a single atomic nucleus, each pair a left- and right-handed chiral rotation.
Multiple choice
Multiple choice is a test format in which a question is followed by a fixed list of possible answers, usually two to five, from which one is selected.
Multiple citizenship
Multiple citizenship, also called dual or plural nationality, is holding two or more citizenships at once. Arises by birth (jus soli, jus sanguinis) or naturalization; increasingly accepted worldwide, with obligations like taxes, military service, and limited consular protection.