All articles starting with M
36,687 articles
Mole fraction
The mole fraction, formally called the amount fraction by IUPAC, expresses mixture composition as the amount of a constituent divided by the total amount of all constituents.
Mole people
Mole people is the label for homeless people living in urban tunnels, sewers, and basements, known from Jennifer Toth's 1993 New York book and from Beijing's large migrant basement-rental market.
Mole percent
Mole percent (mol %) expresses a mixture's composition as 100 times a constituent's mole fraction, though IUPAC deprecates the term in favor of the mole fraction.
Mole ratio
A mole ratio is the ratio of molar amounts of two substances in a reaction, taken from the balanced equation's coefficients, and serves as stoichiometry's central conversion factor.
Mole salamander
Mole salamander (Ambystomatidae) is a family of about 30 burrowing North American salamander species in genus Ambystoma, 10–30 cm long, with aquatic larvae, spring pond migrations, and neotenic members like the axolotl; the name also denotes the species Ambystoma talpoideum.
Molecular alignment
Molecular alignment confines the axes of gas-phase molecules to a fixed direction in space using intense nonresonant laser pulses, with applications in high harmonic generation and chemical reaction control.
Molecular assembler
A molecular assembler is a proposed molecular machine, from Eric Drexler's molecular nanotechnology program, that would manufacture precise structures by positioning reacting molecules and guiding chemical reactions.
Molecular assembly line
A molecular assembly line is a molecular machine, natural or artificial, that builds a chemical product by passing it through a fixed sequence of stations.
Molecular beam
A molecular beam is a directed stream of molecules formed when gas expands through a small orifice into a vacuum, moving at nearly equal velocities with few collisions.
Molecular biology
Molecular biology studies how DNA, RNA, and proteins store, copy, and express genetic information. The term was coined in 1938, and its landmark discovery was the double helix of DNA.
Molecular Biology and Evolution
Molecular Biology and Evolution (MBE), ISSN 1537-1719, is the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution's monthly journal, founded December 1983 by Walter Fitch and Masatoshi Nei, published by Oxford University Press, fully open access since 2021.
Molecular breast imaging
Molecular breast imaging (MBI) is a nuclear medicine technique that uses a gamma camera and injected tracer to find breast tumors mammography may miss, especially in dense tissue.
Molecular car
A molecular car, or nanocar, is a single synthetic molecule with a chassis, axles, and wheels that converts light, electrical, or heat energy into directed motion across a surface.
Molecular chaperone MKKS
Molecular chaperone MKKS (BBS6), a 570-aa chaperonin-like protein on chromosome 20p12, scaffolds BBSome assembly at the centrosome and shuttles SMARCC1 to the nucleus; variants cause McKusick-Kaufman syndrome or Bardet-Biedl syndrome type 6.
Molecular characterization of livestock breeds
Molecular characterization of livestock breeds uses DNA markers such as microsatellites and SNPs to measure genetic diversity, inbreeding, and effective population size within and between breeds.
Molecular clock
Molecular clock: the steady accumulation of genetic differences used, with fossil, geological, or dated-sample calibrations, to estimate divergence times; rates vary across lineages, so relaxed and local clock models are standard.
Molecular cloning
Molecular cloning: laboratory methods for isolating and copying a specific DNA segment by inserting it into a self-replicating vector. Also called recombinant DNA cloning; spans restriction-ligation, Golden Gate, Gibson, and Gateway methods, originating with Cohen and Boyer in 1973.
Molecular cloud
A molecular cloud is a cold, dense region of interstellar gas, mostly molecular hydrogen, ranging up to giant molecular clouds of a million solar masses where most star formation occurs.
Molecular communication
Molecular communication (MC) is a communication method that encodes information into chemical molecules delivered physically from a transmitter to a receiver, proposed in 2005 for networking nanomachines.
Molecular copper electrocatalysts for CO2 reduction
Molecular copper electrocatalysts for CO2 reduction are copper coordination complexes, used dissolved in solution or immobilized on electrodes, that convert carbon dioxide into carbon monoxide, formate, ethanol, and ethylene.
Molecular Devices
Molecular Devices is a life-science instrumentation and software company, founded in 1983 and owned by Danaher since 2010, known for microplate readers and high-content imaging systems.
Molecular Diagnostic Techniques
Molecular diagnostic techniques are molecular biology methods, chiefly PCR, sequencing, isothermal amplification, microarrays, and CRISPR assays, used to diagnose disease by detecting DNA or RNA from pathogens, tumors, or human genomes.
Molecular distillation
Molecular distillation is a high-vacuum separation technique in which molecules evaporate from a heated surface and condense nearby, used for heat-sensitive compounds like vitamins and omega-3 oils.
Molecular dynamics
Molecular dynamics simulation is a computational method that simulates the motion of atoms and molecules over time, producing trajectories from which macroscopic properties are extracted by averaging.
Molecular dynamics nanoreactor
A molecular dynamics nanoreactor is a simulation method that uses artificial forces, like a compressing virtual piston, to discover chemical reactions, products, and mechanisms without preordained reaction steps.
Molecular electrocatalysis
Molecular electrocatalysis is the acceleration of electrochemical reactions by synthetically prepared metal complexes, applied to hydrogen, oxygen, and CO2 transformations for energy conversion and fuel production.
Molecular electronics
Molecular electronics, also called moletronics, is a research field studying single molecules wired between electrodes as electronic components such as diodes, switches, and transistors, founded on Aviram and Ratner's 1974 molecular rectifier proposal.
Molecular encapsulation
Molecular encapsulation is the trapping of a guest atom or molecule inside a host cavity such as a cage, capsule, or fullerene, used in catalysis, separation, and drug delivery.
Molecular Evolution
Molecular evolution: study of how DNA, RNA, and protein sequences change over time. Covers the molecular clock (Zuckerkandl and Pauling 1965), Kimura's neutral theory, relaxed-clock dating methods, and genome-level constraints.
Molecular farming
Molecular farming, also known as molecular pharming, is a biomanufacturing method that uses plants, plant cell cultures, moss, or duckweed to produce recombinant proteins, vaccines, antibodies, and other pharmaceuticals.