All articles starting with M
36,687 articles
Molecular oxygen
Molecular oxygen (dioxygen, O₂) is the diatomic molecule of two oxygen atoms, the life-supporting gas that makes up just under 21 percent of Earth's atmosphere and is paramagnetic.
Molecular pharmacology
Molecular pharmacology: study of molecular actions and interactions of drugs, rooted in receptor theory (Langley, 1905); also the ASPET journal Molecular Pharmacology (Mol Pharmacol), founded July 1965, ISSN 0026-895X.
Molecular phylogenetics of Heterobranchia
Molecular phylogenetics of Heterobranchia uses DNA sequence data to reconstruct evolutionary relationships among higher gastropod molluscs, showing that the traditional sea slug group Opisthobranchia is not monophyletic.
Molecular Plant Pathology (journal)
Molecular Plant Pathology (MPP, ISSN 1364-3703) is a Wiley open access journal of the British Society for Plant Pathology, founded in 2000, edited by Ralph Dean, publishing molecular plant disease research with CiteScore 9.2 and Impact Factor 5.0.
Molecular Psychiatry
Molecular Psychiatry (Mol Psychiatry) is a monthly Springer Nature peer-reviewed journal founded in 1996 by Julio Licinio and Ma-Li Wong, covering biological mechanisms of psychiatric disorders; 2025 impact factor 10.4, ISSN 1359-4184.
Molecular quantum computing
Molecular quantum computing is an approach that uses ultracold polar molecules as qubits, growing from David DeMille's 2002 proposal and exploiting molecules' rich internal structure and strong dipole interactions.
Molecular qubits
Molecular qubits are quantum bits encoded in the internal states of molecules, most commonly rotational, hyperfine, or spin states, combining long-lived energy levels, tunable dipole interactions, and designable structure.
Molecular ratchet
A molecular ratchet, also called a Brownian motor, is a chemical mechanism that converts random thermal motion into directional movement, powering synthetic molecular motors and biomolecular machines like ATP-driven motor proteins.
Molecular recognition
Molecular recognition is the selective binding of a substrate by a molecular receptor, a pillar of supramolecular chemistry whose founders shared the 1987 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
Molecular regulation of cardiovascular development
Molecular regulation of cardiovascular development is the gene regulatory network, anchored by NKX2-5, GATA, MEF2, and HAND factors plus Wnt, BMP, and Notch signals, that builds the embryonic heart.
Molecular regulation of pharyngeal arch patterning
The molecular regulation of pharyngeal arch patterning is the process by which Hox and Dlx genes and signaling pathways give each embryonic pharyngeal arch its identity.
Molecular replacement
Molecular replacement is a crystallographic phasing method that estimates diffraction phases for a new protein structure from a related molecule's known structure, solving most structures today.
Molecular representation learning
Molecular representation learning encodes chemical structures into reusable numerical embeddings, typically with graph neural networks, supporting property prediction, toxicity prediction, protein binding affinity, and drug discovery.
Molecular robot
A molecular robot is an artificial molecular-scale system, usually built from DNA, that senses, processes information, and acts within a structure smaller than a cell.
Molecular robot for sequence-specific peptide synthesis
A rotaxane-based artificial molecular machine built by David A. Leigh's group at the University of Manchester, first reported in Science in 2013, which assembles a peptide of a single programmed sequence.
Molecular self-assembly
Molecular self-assembly is the spontaneous association of molecules into stable, well-defined aggregates via weak noncovalent bonds, a bottom-up method for making 1 to 100 nanometer structures.
Molecular shuttle
A molecular shuttle is an interlocked assembly in which a macrocyclic ring moves between two recognition sites on a dumbbell-shaped axle, first characterized in solution in 1991.
Molecular sieve
A molecular sieve is a porous solid with pores 0.3 to 2.0 nm wide that admits some molecules while excluding others; most commercial sieves are zeolites.
Molecular solar thermal energy storage
Molecular solar thermal energy storage, also called solar thermal fuels, is a technology in which photoswitchable molecules store sunlight as chemical energy and release it as heat on demand, with no reagents or by-products.
Molecular solar thermal system with norbornadiene–quadricyclane
The norbornadiene–quadricyclane (NBD/QC) system is a molecular solar thermal energy storage scheme in which norbornadiene absorbs light and converts to strained quadricyclane, releasing stored energy as heat on demand.
Molecular states in beryllium-12
Molecular states in Beryllium-12 ($ ext{^{12}} ext{Be}$) are excited nuclear configurations of the isotope that feature two alpha particles bound by four valence neutrons in molecular-like orbitals.
Molecular Structure
Molecular structure: the 3D arrangement of atoms in a molecule, determined by X-ray diffraction, NMR, and computational methods such as DFT, and encoded for machine learning as SMILES, descriptors, or graphs.
Molecular structure and bonding of carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide is a linear triatomic molecule, O=C=O, with two equal C=O double bonds of 116 pm, D∞h symmetry, zero dipole moment, and three vibrational fundamentals.
Molecular switch
A molecular switch is a molecule toggled reversibly between stable states by light, voltage, pH, or force; in a solid-state junction, the states differ in electrical conductance.
Molecular symmetry
Molecular symmetry is the set of spatial operations, such as rotations, reflections, and inversion, that leave a molecule unchanged; its point groups predict polarity, chirality, and spectra.
Molecular Templates
Molecular Templates, formerly Threshold Pharmaceuticals and traded as MTEM, was an Austin, Texas biopharmaceutical company that developed engineered toxin bodies as cancer therapies before filing for bankruptcy in 2025.
Molecular Transformer
The Molecular Transformer is a deep learning model that predicts chemical reaction products by treating reactions as translation between SMILES strings, developed at IBM Research in 2018.
Molecular tweezers
Molecular tweezers are artificial host molecules with two binding arms, or pincers, joined by a spacer to grip guest molecules, a term introduced by Chen and Whitlock in 1978.
Molecular Typing
Molecular typing, or pathogen DNA fingerprinting, identifies microbial strains by genetic material to distinguish outbreak from nonoutbreak strains; methods span PFGE, MLST, cgMLST, and whole-genome sequencing.
Molecular variational autoencoder
Chemical VAE (chemical variational autoencoder) is a deep generative model that compresses molecules into a latent space to generate new compounds, introduced at Harvard in 2018.