All articles starting with M
36,687 articles
Molecular ferroelectrics
Molecular ferroelectrics are crystalline materials built from molecular units whose spontaneous electric polarization can be reversed by an external field, first demonstrated in Rochelle salt in 1920.
Molecular formula
A molecular formula is a chemical formula giving the actual number of each atom in a molecule, such as C9H8O4 for aspirin, always a multiple of the empirical formula.
Molecular gastronomy
Molecular gastronomy, also called molecular and physical gastronomy, is a food science discipline founded in 1988 by Nicholas Kurti and Hervé This studying the chemistry and physics of culinary transformations, distinct from molecular cooking and molecular cuisine.
Molecular gear
A molecular gear is a molecular system in which two or more rotators perform coupled rotations, transmitting motion like macroscopic cogwheels, first studied in the early 1980s.
Molecular generation
Molecular generation is the use of computational models, especially deep generative models, to design new molecules with desired properties for drug discovery, materials science, and synthetic chemistry.
Molecular geometry
Molecular geometry, or molecular shape, is the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in a molecule, described by bond lengths, bond angles, and torsion angles; it determines molecular polarity.
Molecular hybridization
Molecular hybridization is a bench biology method in which a labeled probe pairs with a complementary DNA or RNA target, forming a duplex that is detected or localized.
Molecular hydrogen
Molecular hydrogen (H₂), also called dihydrogen, is the neutral molecule made of two hydrogen atoms, the simplest and most abundant molecule in the universe, existing in ortho and para nuclear-spin forms.
Molecular imaging (institution)
Molecular Imaging is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering molecular imaging research from basic science to human applications. Founded in 2002, it is sponsored by the SNMMI.
Molecular Imaging (procedure)
Molecular imaging is a medical imaging procedure in which molecularly targeted probes visualize biochemical and cellular processes in living subjects, spanning PET, MRI, ultrasound, fluorescence, and microscopy.
Molecular immunology
Molecular Immunology (ISSN 0161-5890) is an Elsevier peer-reviewed immunology journal founded in 1979, continuing Immunochemistry, covering cellular, biochemical, and genetic mechanisms of immunity; Impact Factor 3.700 (2025), Q2 in Immunology.
Molecular imprinting
Molecular imprinting is a polymer preparation technique that creates synthetic recognition sites by polymerizing monomers around a template molecule, yielding selective polymers used in separations, sensors, assays, and catalysis.
Molecular ion clock
A molecular ion clock is a proposed frequency standard using a narrow rovibrational transition of a trapped molecular ion, most prominently H₂⁺ or HD⁺, as its reference.
Molecular knot
A molecular knot is a covalently closed loop of atoms entangled so it cannot be untied without breaking a bond; the first, a trefoil knot, was synthesized in 1989.
Molecular layer deposition
Molecular layer deposition (MLD) is a vapor-phase thin-film technique, a variant of atomic layer deposition, that grows organic or hybrid organic-inorganic polymer films with monolayer thickness control.
Molecular machine
A molecular machine, or nanomachine, is an assembly of molecular components that performs machinelike movements in response to a stimulus, covering biological motors and synthetic designs.
Molecular mass
Molecular mass, formerly called molecular weight, is the mass of a single molecule expressed in daltons. It differs from molar mass, which measures mass per mole of substance.
Molecular mechanics
Molecular mechanics is a classical modeling method that computes molecular energies and geometries from atomic positions using an empirical force field, treating atoms as interaction sites.
Molecular mechanics/Poisson–Boltzmann surface area
Molecular mechanics/Poisson–Boltzmann surface area (MM/PBSA, also written MM-PBSA) is a computational method for estimating binding free energies, combining molecular mechanics energies with implicit-solvent calculations since 1998.
Molecular microbiology
Molecular Microbiology (Mol Microbiol), a Wiley peer-reviewed journal founded in 1987 by Blackwell, covering molecular studies of bacteria, archaea, eukaryotic microbes, and viruses; ISSN 0950-382X print, 1365-2958 online, edited by John D. Helmann.
Molecular motor
Molecular motor (motor protein): ATP-hydrolyzing enzyme converting chemical energy to motion. Main classes are kinesin (plus-end microtubule), dynein (minus-end), and myosin (actin); processive stepping, 8-nm kinesin steps, dynein-dynactin regulation.
Molecular muscle
A molecular muscle is a synthetic molecule or material that reversibly contracts and extends in response to a stimulus, mimicking biological muscle through gliding interlocked rotaxane components.
Molecular nanotechnology
Molecular nanotechnology, or molecular manufacturing, is a proposed technology that would build products of any size with precise placement of individual atoms, an idea traced to Richard Feynman's 1959 lecture and developed by K. Eric Drexler.
Molecular nanotube
A molecular nanotube is a hollow, cylindrical structure with nanoscale diameter built from organic molecules, distinct from carbon nanotubes, with uses in drug delivery, sensing, and catalysis.
Molecular oncology
Molecular Oncology (Mol Oncol) is a FEBS-owned, Wiley-published monthly open-access journal of basic, translational, and clinical cancer research, founded in 2007 by Julio E. Celis, with 2025 SJR 1.738 (Q1) and JIF 4.5.
Molecular orbital
A molecular orbital is a one-electron wavefunction describing an electron in the effective field of the nuclei and other electrons of a molecule, usually built from atomic orbitals.
Molecular orbital diagram
A molecular orbital diagram, or MO diagram, is an energy-level chart showing how atomic orbitals combine into bonding and antibonding molecular orbitals, from which bond order follows.
Molecular orbital method
The molecular orbital method is a quantum chemical technique that represents a molecule's electrons as occupying orbitals built from atomic orbitals, computing energies, geometries, and vibrational frequencies.
Molecular orbital theory
Molecular orbital theory, also called the molecular orbital model, is the quantum-mechanical description of chemical bonding in which electrons occupy orbitals delocalized over the molecule.
Molecular orbital tomography
Molecular orbital tomography experimentally reconstructs the spatial shape of a molecule's orbitals, first demonstrated in 2004 on nitrogen and extended in 2009 by photoemission on surface-bound molecules.