All articles starting with M
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Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean
The Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean was a paleo-ocean basin between the Siberian Craton and the North China-Amuria block that closed scissor-like from west to east during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic.
Mongol-Tatar yoke
The Mongol-Tatar yoke (монголо-татарское иго), also called the Tatar yoke, is the term in Russian historiography for Mongol rule over the Rus' principalities, from the conquest of 1237–1240 to 1480.
Mongol–Tatar War
The Mongol–Tatar War was the conflict in which Temujin, the future Chinggis Khan, crushed the Tatar tribe of eastern Mongolia in the 1190s and annihilated them in 1202.
Mongolarachne
Mongolarachne (Mongolarachnidae), formerly Nephila jurassica, an extinct Middle Jurassic spider genus from Daohugou, Inner Mongolia; largest known fossil spider at ~24.6 mm body length, reclassified in 2013 as a stem orbicularian.
Mongolia (Монгол Улс)
Mongolia (Монгол Улс) is a landlocked East Asian democracy of 3.5 million between Russia and China, capital Ulaanbaatar. Mining is about 25% of GDP and 90% of exports, mostly coal and copper to China; upper-middle-income since 2024.
Mongolia under Qing rule
Mongolia under Qing rule is the period from the seventeenth century to 1911, when the Qing dynasty governed the Mongol territories as separately administered Inner and Outer Mongolia.
Mongolia–Russia border agreements
The Mongolia–Russia border agreements are the treaties settling Mongolia's northern border, anchored by the 1915 Treaty of Kyakhta and the 1994 and 1996 trilateral protocols fixing the trijunctions with China.
Mongolian Academy of Sciences
The Mongolian Academy of Sciences (Mongolian: Монгол Улсын Шинжлэх Ухааны Академи), founded in 1961, is Mongolia's central state-supported science organization, with over a dozen research institutes in Ulaanbaatar.
Mongolian Armed Forces (Монголын Зэвсэгт Хүчин)
Mongolian Armed Forces (Монголын Зэвсэгт Хүчин): Mongolia's military under the Ministry of Defence, a small force focused on UN peacekeeping since 2002, with 18,144 cumulative peacekeepers and the annual Khaan Quest exercise.
Mongolian banking crisis 2008
The Mongolian banking crisis of 2008–2009 was a systemic banking crisis triggered by a 70 percent copper price collapse, leading to two bank failures and an IMF program.
Mongolian bokh
Mongolian bokh (бөх, Mongolian wrestling), traditional standing wrestling of Mongolia's Naadam festival; no weight classes, no time limit, bout ends when anything above the knee touches the ground; UNESCO-inscribed 2010.
Mongolian Constitution of 1924
The Mongolian Constitution of 1924 is generally regarded as Mongolia's first codified constitution, adopted on 26 November 1924 to establish the Mongolian People's Republic and begin nearly seven decades of socialist rule.
Mongolian Constitution of 1960
The Mongolian Constitution of 1960 was the fundamental law of the Mongolian People's Republic, its third constitution, proclaiming the attainment of socialism and serving until replaced in 1992.
Mongolian cuisine
Mongolian cuisine, the food culture of the Mongolian steppe (Mongolian: Монгол хоол), centers on red foods (meat) and white foods (dairy), milk tea, buuz, khuushuur, khorkhog, and airag, documented from the 1330 Yinshan Zhengyao and now changing under urbanization.
Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet
The Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet (Монгол Кирилл үсэг) is the official script of Mongolia, based on the Russian alphabet with two added vowels and used for Mongolian since 1946.
Mongolian death worm (олгой-хорхой)
The Mongolian death worm (олгой-хорхой, olgoi-khorkhoi, "intestine worm") is a Gobi Desert cryptid said to kill with venom and electricity; first recorded by Roy Chapman Andrews in 1926, it has never produced a specimen, and researchers attribute sightings to sand boas or worm lizards.
Mongolian Democratic Revolution
The Mongolian Democratic Revolution (1990) was the nonviolent MDU-led protest movement that ended MPRP single-party rule since 1924, won constitutional amendments, legalized parties, and produced Mongolia's first multiparty elections in July 1990.
Mongolian epic
A Mongolian epic, known in Mongolian as tuuli (тууль), is an orally composed heroic narrative poem, the central genre of Mongolian literature, inscribed by UNESCO in 2009.
Mongolian felt-making
Mongolian felt-making, known in Mongolian as esgii urlal, is the traditional craft of producing felt from livestock wool for ger coverings, clothing, carpets, and footwear; it is listed in Mongolia's national intangible cultural heritage inventory.
Mongolian language
Mongolian language (Монгол хэл), official language of Mongolia; Mongolic family, Khalkha-based standard; agglutinating, vowel-harmonic, verb-final; written in Cyrillic since 1946 and traditional script, dual-script official use since 2025.
Mongolian literature
Mongolian literature (Монголын уран зохиол) is the oral and written literary tradition of the Mongolian peoples, beginning with the 13th-century Secret History of the Mongols.
Mongolian People's Army
The Mongolian People's Army (Ардын журамт цэрэг) was Mongolia's armed force, founded in 1921 under Damdin Sukhbaatar and made the standing army of the Mongolian People's Republic.
Mongolian People's Party (Монгол Ардын Нам)
Mongolian People's Party (Монгол Ардын Нам, MPP), Mongolia's ruling social democratic party, founded 1921 as the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party; former communist ruling party, now center-left, holding 68 of 126 State Great Hural seats after the 2024 election.
Mongolian People's Republic (Бүгд Найрамдах Монгол Ард Улс)
Mongolian People's Republic (Бүгд Найрамдах Монгол Ард Улс, MPR), 1924-1992 socialist state in Mongolia, Asia's first communist state, ruled by the MPRP as a Soviet satellite until the 1990 democratic revolution and 1992 constitution.
Mongolian Plateau
Mongolian Plateau: large arid to semi-arid upland of East Asia covering Mongolia and Inner Mongolia (IMAR), China. Dominated by grassland and nomadic pastoralism; cold continental climate, Mesozoic peneplain origin, rising grazing pressure and desertification.
Mongolian Revolution of 1911
The Mongolian Revolution of 1911, or Үндэсний эрхчөлөөний хувьсгал (National Freedom Revolution), was a movement that ended 200 years of Qing subordination.
Mongolian Revolution of 1921 (1921 оны Ардын хувьсгал)
Mongolian Revolution of 1921 (1921 оны Ардын хувьсгал), or People's Revolution: Mongolian People's Party with the Soviet Red Army expelled Chinese and Ungern's White Guards, liberating Urga on July 6, 1921 and founding a provisional people's government.
Mongolian Revolutionary Youth League
The Mongolian Revolutionary Youth League was the mass youth organization of Mongolia's ruling communist party, founded on August 25, 1921, modeled on the Soviet Komsomol, and dissolved after the 1990 democratic transition.
Mongolian script (ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ)
Mongolian script (ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ, Mongol bichig, Hudum Mongol bichig): the vertical cursive alphabet derived from Old Uyghur and Sogdian, used in Inner Mongolia and co-official with Cyrillic in Mongolia since 2025.
Mongolian spot
Mongolian spot, or congenital dermal melanocytosis, slate grey nevus: a benign blue-gray birthmark of newborns on the lower back and buttocks, affecting over 90% of East Asian infants, fading in early childhood, and often mistaken for bruising.