All articles starting with M

Monoclonal antibody

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs): identical antibodies made by hybridomas, invented by Köhler and Milstein in 1975, honored by the 1984 Nobel Prize; first therapeutic OKT3 (1986), landmark cancer drug rituximab (1997).

Sep 29, 2026

Monoclonal antibody therapy

Monoclonal antibody therapy is a treatment approach using laboratory-produced antibodies, each clone sharing a single antigen-binding specificity, to treat cancer, autoimmune disorders, transplant rejection, and infections.

Monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis

Monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis (MBL) is an asymptomatic clonal B-cell expansion below 5 × 10⁹/L without lymphoproliferative features, coined in 2005; low-count (<0.5 × 10⁹/L) rarely progresses, high-count progresses to CLL at 1–2% yearly.

Monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance

Monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance (MGRS): kidney damage from a nephrotoxic monoclonal immunoglobulin produced by a small B cell or plasma cell clone not meeting malignancy treatment criteria; diagnosed by kidney biopsy, treated with clone-directed therapy.

Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance

Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is an asymptomatic plasma cell precursor condition with serum M protein under 3 g/dL, under 10% marrow plasma cells, about 1% yearly progression risk to myeloma, and no treatment, only monitoring.

Monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition disease

Monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition disease (MIDD), including LCDD, HCDD, and LHCDD, is an MGRS kidney disease with nonorganized Randall-type immunoglobulin chain deposits, treated by clone-directed chemotherapy.

Oct 20, 2026

Monoclonal mast cell activation syndrome

Monoclonal mast cell activation syndrome (MMAS, clonal or primary MCAS) is a rare hematologic disorder with recurrent mast cell activation episodes, KIT D816V and/or CD25 clonal mast cells, tryptase under 20 ng/mL, and no systemic mastocytosis criteria.

Monocoque

Monocoque, or integral construction, is a structural design where the outer skin carries a vehicle's loads, pioneered in aviation by Eugène Ruchonnet's 1911 Cigare aircraft.

Monocore

A monocore is a circuit topology in BEAM robotics in which two bicores are coupled at one point instead of two, part of Mark Tilden's Nv nervous networks.

Monocotyledon

A monocotyledon, or monocot, is a flowering plant whose embryo has a single seed leaf, a group of about 70,000 species including grasses, orchids, and palms.

Monocrotaline

Monocrotaline is a toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloid found in Crotalaria plants that damages the liver and lungs and is widely used to induce pulmonary hypertension in rats.

Monocrotophos

Monocrotophos (CAS 6923-22-4), also sold as Azodrin or Nuvacron, is a water-soluble organophosphate insecticide and acaricide inhibiting acetylcholinesterase; rat oral LD50 14 mg/kg, Rotterdam Convention Annex III, banned or restricted in many countries.

Monocrystalline silicon

Monocrystalline silicon, also known as mono-Si or c-Si, is silicon in the form of a single continuous crystal lattice, used as the absorbing semiconductor in most solar cells and grown mainly by the Czochralski process.

Sep 29, 2026

Monocular depth estimation

Monocular depth estimation is a computer vision method that predicts a dense per-pixel depth map from a single RGB image, typically with a neural network.

Monocular elevator palsy

Monocular elevator palsy, also called monocular elevation deficiency or double elevator palsy (ICD-11 9C83.02), is inability of one eye to elevate equally in adduction and abduction, caused by inferior rectus restriction, elevator weakness, or a supranuclear lesion, and treated surgically by inferior rectus recession or Knapp transposition.

Monoculture

Monoculture, also known as mono-cropping, is farming in which a single crop species, variety, or livestock breed is grown in a field, underlying most industrial crop production and timber forestry.

Monoculture (popular culture)

Monoculture in popular culture: the broadcast-era condition of shared media experiences (network TV, radio hits), its fragmentation via cable, streaming, and algorithms, and its opposite sense of cultural uniformity; live sports and stars like Taylor Swift persist as remnants.

Monocyte

Monocyte: bone marrow-derived white blood cell and phagocyte that circulates in blood and becomes macrophages or dendritic cells; human classical, intermediate, and non-classical CD14/CD16 subsets; mononuclear phagocyte system member.

Monocyte-derived dendritic cell

Monocyte-derived dendritic cell (moDC, mo-DC): an antigen-presenting cell arising from a monocyte rather than dedicated DC progenitors, generated in vitro with GM-CSF and IL-4, appearing in inflammation, and used as the traditional platform for dendritic cell vaccines.

Monod equation

Monod equation: empirical microbial growth law μ = μmax·S/(Ks+S), introduced by Jacques Monod in 1942; μmax is maximum specific growth rate, Ks the half-saturation constant; distinct from Michaelis-Menten kinetics.

Monodelphis

Monodelphis (short-tailed opossums), Burnett 1830, is a speciose genus of small South American didelphid marsupials, about 26 species from eastern Panama to northern Argentina; M. domestica is the first sequenced marsupial and main laboratory model.

Monodonta

Monodonta Lamarck, 1799 is a genus of top shell snails (Trochidae, Monodontinae) with a single columellar tooth; best-known species M. labio, an Indo-Pacific intertidal grazer reaching 25-40 mm.

Monodromy theorem

The monodromy theorem is a result of complex analysis: an analytic function continued along every path in a simply connected domain yields a single-valued branch.

Monogamish (film)

Monogamish (2017) is Tao Ruspoli's documentary on love, sex, and monogamy, made after his divorce from Olivia Wilde, featuring Dan Savage, Esther Perel, and Christopher Ryan; distinct from 2017 shorts and a 2023 film of the same name.

Monogamy

Monogamy: exclusive pairing of one male and one female, defined separately as genetic, sexual, and social monogamy. Rare in mammals (under 10% of species), common in birds; humans average 66% full siblings, with 85% of societies historically permitting polygyny.