All articles starting with M
36,687 articles
Monogeneans in aquaculture and fish disease
Monogeneans are parasitic flatworms on fish gills, skin, and fins whose direct life cycles make Dactylogyrus and Gyrodactylus major disease agents in aquaculture, treatable with chemicals and eradicable in enclosed systems.
Monogenetic theory of pidgins
Monogenetic theory of pidgins: the hypothesis, argued most strongly by Keith Whinnom in 1965, that all European-based pidgins and creoles descend from Mediterranean Lingua Franca (Sabir) via relexification; controversial, later displaced by polygenetic and multi-mechanism accounts.
Monogenic autoinflammatory syndromes
Monogenic autoinflammatory syndromes (MAIS), also called monogenic autoinflammatory diseases, are single-gene innate immune disorders causing recurrent fever and sterile inflammation; examples include FMF, TRAPS, CAPS, and interferonopathies such as SAVI.
Monogram
Monogram: a design of two or more interlaced or combined letters, usually initials, used as a personal mark, artist's signature, or brand logo (Chanel CC, Louis Vuitton LV, Durer AD). Distinct from a lettermark, where initials stay separate.
Monogram Technologies
Monogram Technologies was an Austin, Texas medical robotics company that developed the mBôs robotic system for knee replacement and was acquired by Zimmer Biomet in 2025.
Monograph
Monograph: a book-length, single-authored scholarly work presenting one sustained original argument, typically 70,000-110,000 words, published by a university press after external peer review; central to humanities and social science careers and increasingly published open access.
Monograph Capital Partners
Monograph Capital Partners is a transatlantic life-sciences venture capital firm founded in 2021 by Fred Cohen and Charles Conn, operating from San Francisco with a London presence.
Monograptus
Monograptus Geinitz, 1852, extinct Silurian to Early Devonian monograptid graptolite genus with a single unbranched stipe; M. uniformis defines the Silurian-Devonian boundary.
Monohull
A monohull is a boat or ship whose buoyancy is provided by a single hull, the historical norm for vessels, as distinct from multihulls such as catamarans and trimarans, which use two or more hulls.
Monohybrid cross
Monohybrid cross: a genetic cross tracking one gene, from Mendel's pea experiments (1856–1863, over 28,000 plants). Yields 3:1 phenotypic and 1:2:1 genotypic F2 ratios, demonstrating the law of segregation; shown with Punnett squares.
Monoid
A monoid is an algebraic structure consisting of a set with an associative binary operation and a two-sided identity element, like the natural numbers under addition or multiplication.
Monoidal category
A monoidal category is a category with a tensor product, a unit object, and coherence isomorphisms making associativity hold up to isomorphism, introduced by Saunders Mac Lane in 1963.
Monokini
Monokini: originally Rudi Gernreich's 1964 topless swimsuit, a bikini bottom with two thin straps; now also a one-piece swimsuit with cutouts imitating a bikini. Coined from mono- plus bikini.
Monolayer chromium tribromide (CrBr3)
Monolayer chromium tribromide (CrBr3) is a single atomic layer of the van der Waals ferromagnetic insulator chromium tribromide, which retains ferromagnetic order with a Curie temperature of 34 K.
Monolayer Cr2Ge2Te6 ferromagnetism
Monolayer Cr2Ge2Te6 ferromagnetism is the intrinsic ferromagnetic order in single atomic layers of chromium germanium telluride (CGT), a layered van der Waals semiconductor, demonstrated among the first 2D magnets in 2017.
Monolayer CrI3
Monolayer CrI3, a single atomic layer of the ferromagnetic semiconductor chromium triiodide, became in 2017 the first isolated two-dimensional crystal shown to retain intrinsic ferromagnetic order, with a Curie temperature near 45 K.
Monolayer In2Se3
Monolayer In2Se3 is a single quintuple layer, five atomic planes arranged Se–In–Se–In–Se, of the semiconductor indium sesquiselenide, retaining stable room-temperature ferroelectricity for memory and photodetectors.
Monolayer MoS2 field-effect transistors
Monolayer MoS2 field-effect transistors are transistors whose conducting channel is a single atomic layer of molybdenum disulfide, a semiconductor about 0.7 nm thick with a direct bandgap near 1.8 eV.
Monolayer multiferroic NiI2
Monolayer multiferroic NiI2 is a single atomic layer of nickel diiodide proposed in 2022 as the first two-dimensional type-II multiferroic, where a spin spiral induces ferroelectricity.
Monolayer PdSe2
Monolayer PdSe2 is a single atomic layer of palladium diselenide, a pentagonal, air-stable semiconductor whose 1.3 eV bandgap and in-plane anisotropy support transistors and polarization-sensitive photodetectors.
Monolayer WTe2
Monolayer WTe2, or tungsten ditelluride, is a single atomic layer in which the quantum spin Hall effect, a two-dimensional topological insulator state, was first demonstrated experimentally in 2017, with gate-tuned superconductivity below about 1 K.
Monolignol
Monolignols (p-coumaryl, coniferyl, sinapyl alcohols) are hydroxycinnamyl alcohol precursors polymerized into lignin's H, G, and S units; biosynthesis involves PAL, 4CL, C3'H, CCR enzymes.
Monolink LIVE
Monolink, the stage name of German singer-songwriter and producer Steffen Linck, is a Berlin-based electronic live act who plays guitar and sings over melodic techno.
Monolinuron
Monolinuron (HOE 002747, CAS 1746-81-2) is a phenylurea photosystem II-inhibiting herbicide introduced circa 1965, used pre- and post-emergence against broadleaved weeds; not approved in the EU or GB, moderately persistent, high leaching potential.
Monolith
A monolith is a large rock body or landform standing as one piece, left standing by erosion, famously including Devils Tower in Wyoming and Uluru in Australia.
Monolith (Space Odyssey)
Monolith (Space Odyssey): the black slab of Kubrick and Clarke's 2001: A Space Odyssey, token of unseen alien intelligence; proportions 1:4:9, evolved from a transparent tetrahedron, recurring in the novels.
Monolith Management
Monolith Management is a China-based, AI-focused investment firm founded in November 2021 by Cao Xi and Tim Wang, known for backing Moonshot AI and managing over CNY 10 billion.
Monolith Materials
Monolith Materials, formerly Boxer Industries, is a privately held clean-technology company in Lincoln, Nebraska, founded in 2012, that uses plasma methane pyrolysis to make carbon black and hydrogen.
Monolith of Silwan
The Monolith of Silwan, known as the Tomb of Pharaoh's Daughter, is a rock-cut monolithic tomb in Silwan, Jerusalem, dating to the 9th to 7th centuries BC.
Monolith Soft (株式会社モノリスソフト)
Monolith Soft (Monolith Software Inc.) is a Japanese video game developer founded in 1999, best known for the Xenoblade Chronicles series and wholly owned by Nintendo since 2007.